{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:45:39Z","timestamp":1789875939172,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T00:11:39Z","timestamp":1465258299000},"page":"1931-1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Sarcopenic Obesity in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Chelsea A.","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masae","family":"Miyatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Giangregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Catharine","family":"Craven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050606","article-title":"Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury","volume":"80","author":"Castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.01.024","article-title":"Trajectories in the course of body mass index after spinal cord injury","volume":"95","author":"de Groot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile\u2013part I","volume":"37","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.04.006","article-title":"Reducing cardiometabolic disease in spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Kressler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200411000-00008","article-title":"Energy expenditure in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Buchholz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9096.1000165","article-title":"The tipping point: perspectives on SCI rehabilitation service gaps in Canada","volume":"1","author":"Craven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00729.2002","article-title":"Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"95","author":"Spungen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20199","article-title":"Body mass index underestimates adiposity in women with spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Yarar-Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00045-5","article-title":"Healthy body mass index values often underestimate body fat in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"84","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000151","article-title":"Body composition of women and men with complete motor paraplegia","volume":"37","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.03.004","article-title":"Obesity after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Gater","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31802b8937","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders","volume":"86","author":"Weaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib13","series-title":"Global database on body mass index","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.33","article-title":"Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Laughton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101744","article-title":"A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Buchholz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.01.011","article-title":"A preliminary report on the effects of the level of spinal cord injury on the association between central adiposity and metabolic profile","volume":"3","author":"Gorgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.3.600","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences","volume":"87","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-091","article-title":"Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Gorgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100364","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fibre type transformation following spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Burnham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101968","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Gorgey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12652","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older men","volume":"62","author":"Atkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.250","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly","volume":"12","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12260","article-title":"Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004","volume":"61","author":"Batsis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c37d","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stenholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000261","article-title":"Exploring the associations between arterial stiffness and spinal cord impairment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"Miyatani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2419-1","article-title":"Exploring the determinants of fracture risk among individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Lala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.018","article-title":"The official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: body composition analysis reporting","volume":"16","author":"Petak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.966763","article-title":"Measurement precision of body composition variables in elite wheelchair athletes, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry","volume":"16","author":"Keil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3042","article-title":"Waist circumference is the best index for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Ravensbergen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.162","article-title":"Associations between abdominal visceral fat and surrogate measures of obesity in Japanese men with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Inayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib32","first-page":"297","article-title":"AACE\/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obesity (1998 revision)","volume":"4","author":"Dickey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.05.019","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue and body fat mass: predictive values for and role of gender in cardiometabolic risk among Turks","volume":"26","author":"Onat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007038","article-title":"Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES","volume":"4","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1413","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue cutoffs associated with metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women","volume":"26","author":"Nicklas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101652","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury\u2014a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Elder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101215","article-title":"Health related functional status in men with spinal cord injury: relationship with lesion level and endurance capacity","volume":"39","author":"Dallmeijer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2012.02.003","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity is closely associated with metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25077","article-title":"The implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity on cardiometabolic disease","volume":"116","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2492","article-title":"Developing consensus criteria for sarcopenia: an update","volume":"30","author":"McLean","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.367","article-title":"Dual-energy x-ray performs as well as clinical computed tomography for the measurement of visceral fat","volume":"20","author":"Micklesfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib42","unstructured":"Kelly TL. Practical and technical advantages of DXA visceral fat assessment compared with computed tomography. Hologic Inc. Available at: http:\/\/www.hologic.com\/sites\/default\/files\/white-papers\/WP_00062_Visceral_Fat_06-12.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib43","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effects of metal implants on whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral content and body composition","volume":"54","author":"Giangregorio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000207258.80129.03","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada","volume":"31","author":"Pickett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999316302362?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999316302362?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T05:38:14Z","timestamp":1568007494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999316302362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999316302362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sarcopenic Obesity in Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}