{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:32:51Z","timestamp":1781245971720,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]],"date-time":"2017-05-04T02:46:02Z","timestamp":1493865962000},"page":"2288-2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characteristics of Firearm Brain Injury Survivors in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) National Database: A Comparison of Assault and Self-Inflicted Injury Survivors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Hilary","family":"Bertisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Krellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Bergquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Dreer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Ellois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Bushnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury","volume":"91","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.83871","article-title":"Management of penetrating brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Kazim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib3","first-page":"181","article-title":"Chapter 12. Surgical management of civilian gunshot wounds to the head","volume":"Vol 127","author":"Aarabi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib5","first-page":"248","article-title":"Evaluation of gunshot wounds in the emergency department","volume":"21","author":"Karaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.012814","article-title":"Penetrating nontorso trauma: the head and the neck","volume":"58","author":"Ball","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2874-7","article-title":"Current concepts in penetrating and blast injury to the central nervous system","volume":"39","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.8201","article-title":"Survivors of self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the head: characterization of ocular injuries and health care costs","volume":"132","author":"Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.904522","article-title":"Deaths due to traumatic brain injury in Austria between 1980 and 2012","volume":"28","author":"Mauritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31817196f5","article-title":"Intentional traumatic brain injury in Ontario, Canada","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-040837","article-title":"The role of research in addressing the public health problem of gun violence","volume":"19","author":"Rivara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2013.08.018","article-title":"Improving survival rates after civilian gunshot wounds to the brain","volume":"218","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/026990597123395","article-title":"Functional outcome after violence related traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Zafonte","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.12.005","article-title":"An unusual case of suicide by handcrafted shotgun and slug","volume":"16","author":"Harada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-010-9177-6","article-title":"Death by black powder revolver: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Pavelites","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181e12823","article-title":"Suicide with a homemade shotgun: case report and review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Cullen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00184","article-title":"Military Occupations Most Affected by Head\/Sensory Injuries and the Potential Job Impact of Those Injuries","volume":"181","author":"Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2362","article-title":"Firearm-related hospitalization and risk for subsequent violent injury, death, or crime perpetration: a cohort study","volume":"162","author":"Rowhani-Rahbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50096","article-title":"Violent traumatic brain injury: occurrence, patient characteristics, and risk factors from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems project","volume":"84","author":"Hanks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18226","article-title":"Severe penetrating head injury: a study of outcomes","volume":"82","author":"Zafonte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.06.014","article-title":"Fatal gunshot wound to the head: the impact of aggressive management","volume":"207","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50123","article-title":"Introduction: the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems of care","volume":"84","author":"Bushnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181cd3528","article-title":"The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems: history and contributions to clinical service and research","volume":"25","author":"Dijkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-200704000-00002","article-title":"A review of the predictive ability of Glasgow Coma\u00a0Scale scores in head-injured patients","volume":"39","author":"McNett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib26","first-page":"118","article-title":"Disability Rating Scale for severe head trauma: coma to community","volume":"63","author":"Rappaport","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogner JA, Whiteneck GG, MacDonald J, et\u00a0al. Test-retest reliability of traumatic brain injury outcome measures: a Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000291"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1195","article-title":"The Neurological Outcome Scale for Traumatic Brain Injury (NOS-TBI): II. Reliability and convergent validity","volume":"27","author":"McCauley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.07.005","article-title":"Long-term disability and survival in traumatic brain injury: results from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems","volume":"94","author":"Brooks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.573","article-title":"Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use","volume":"15","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.89","article-title":"The Glasgow Outcome Scale\u201440 years of application and refinement","volume":"12","author":"McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501750291819","article-title":"Validity and sensitivity to change of the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Levin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.018","article-title":"The chi-square test of independence","volume":"23","author":"McHugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Your chi-square test is statistically significant: now what?","volume":"20","author":"Sharpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999317302770?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999317302770?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]],"date-time":"2018-09-02T00:53:29Z","timestamp":1535849609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999317302770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999317302770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characteristics of Firearm Brain Injury Survivors in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) National Database: A Comparison of Assault and Self-Inflicted Injury Survivors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}