{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:24:37Z","timestamp":1775129077936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T02:26:53Z","timestamp":1518229613000},"page":"1917-1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Clinical Assessment of Spasticity in People With Spinal Cord Damage: Recommendations From the Ability Network, an International Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Anand V.","family":"Nene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Rainha Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klemen","family":"Grabljevec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arminda","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Skoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.025","article-title":"Optimizing the management of disabling spasticity following spinal cord damage: the Ability Network-an international initiative","volume":"97","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101757","article-title":"Spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014576","article-title":"Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement","volume":"27","author":"Pandyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib4","series-title":"Towards a common language for Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib5","unstructured":"Spinal Cord Injury Research Evidence (SCIRE). Outcome measures toolkit. Available at: https:\/\/www.scireproject.com\/outcomemeasures-new\/toolkit-development. Accessed March 19, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102125","article-title":"Spasticity outcome measures in spinal cord injury: psychometric properties and clinical utility","volume":"46","author":"Hsieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100892","article-title":"Assessment of spasticity using isokinetic dynamometry in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Akman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000171173.86312.69","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus baclofen in spasticity: clinical and electrophysiologic comparison","volume":"84","author":"Aydin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.01.033","article-title":"A physiologically based clinical measure for spastic reflexes in spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Benz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-131000","article-title":"Impact of specific symptoms of spasticity on voluntary lower limb muscle function, gait and daily activities during subacute and chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Bravo-Esteban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.137","article-title":"Two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of fampridine-SR for treatment of spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Cardenas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.11.0220","article-title":"Alterations in body composition and spasticity following subtetanic neuromuscular electrical stimulation training in spinal cord injury","volume":"50","author":"Carty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80636-9","article-title":"Reduction of spastic hypertonia in patients with spinal cord injury: a double-blind comparison of intravenous orphenadrine citrate and placebo","volume":"76","author":"Casale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of antispastic drugs on motor reflexes and voluntary muscle contraction in incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"95","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772311Y.0000000040","article-title":"Muscle spasticity associated with reduced whole-leg perfusion in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Dhindsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.55","article-title":"Levetiracetam in spinal cord\u00a0injury pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Finnerup","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101982","article-title":"The treatment of spasticity with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Hagenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000263","article-title":"A randomized trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: effects on walking competency","volume":"37","author":"Kapadia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312471901","article-title":"Effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor and gait improvement in incomplete spinal cord injury patients","volume":"27","author":"Kumru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309356095","article-title":"Reduction of spasticity with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Kumru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101492","article-title":"The short-term effect of hippotherapy on spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Lechner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101236","article-title":"Surgical treatment of painful spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Livshits","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.11.012","article-title":"Decrease of spasticity with muscle vibration in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"122","author":"Murillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.12.025","article-title":"A randomized, double-blinded, crossover pilot study assessing the effect of nabilone on spasticity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"91","author":"Pooyania","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90014-3","article-title":"Clinical assessment of spasticity in spinal cord injury: a multidimensional problem","volume":"77","author":"Priebe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0979","article-title":"Monitoring of spasticity and functional ability in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury with a functional electrical stimulation cycling system","volume":"44","author":"Reichenfelser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000101","article-title":"Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation cycling promotes physical and functional recovery in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Sadowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib28","first-page":"41","article-title":"Altered motor control and spasticity after spinal cord injury: subjective and objective assessment","volume":"37","author":"Sherwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/165019702317242677","article-title":"Effects of functional electrical stimulation training for six months on body composition and spasticity in motor complete tetraplegic spinal cord-injured individuals","volume":"34","author":"Skold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00367","article-title":"Somatosensory inputs by application of KinesioTaping: effects on spasticity, balance, and gait in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Tamburella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.48","article-title":"Reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale and Modified Tardieu Scale in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"55","author":"Akpinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90329-5","article-title":"Spasticity after traumatic spinal cord injury: nature, severity, and location","volume":"80","author":"Skold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.12.1867","article-title":"Clinical measurement of range of motion. Review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity","volume":"67","author":"Gajdosik","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib34","first-page":"540","article-title":"Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Ashworth","year":"1964","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib35","unstructured":"Spinal Cord Injury Research Evidence (SCIRE). Outcome measures:spasticity. Available at: https:\/\/www.scireproject.com\/outcome-measures\/list-sci. Accessed March 19, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib36","first-page":"143","article-title":"Research on a technique for measurement of spasticity [French].","volume":"91","author":"Tardieu","year":"1954","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1179\/108331902125001770","article-title":"Ashworth and Tardieu Scales: their clinical relevance for measuring spasticity in adult and paediatric neurological populations","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1191\/026921599677595404","article-title":"A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity","volume":"13","author":"Pandyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500404305","article-title":"A systematic review of the Tardieu Scale for the measurement of spasticity","volume":"28","author":"Haugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.177071","article-title":"Stop using the Ashworth Scale for the assessment of spasticity","volume":"81","author":"Fleuren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906083202303","article-title":"Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity","volume":"320","author":"Penn","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.09.119","article-title":"Reliability of the Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for spastic reflexes","volume":"98","author":"Akpinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220100161X","article-title":"Wartenberg pendulum test: objective quantification of muscle tone in children with spastic diplegia undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy","volume":"44","author":"Nordmark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000148628.69627.82","article-title":"Clinically significant change in pain intensity ratings in persons with spinal cord injury or amputation","volume":"22","author":"Hanley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib45","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument","volume":"83 Suppl 2","author":"Berg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070205","article-title":"Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11753644","article-title":"Outcome measures for gait and ambulation in the spinal cord injury population","volume":"31","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.010","article-title":"Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of 3 walking tests","volume":"86","author":"van Hedel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.180","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the 10-m walk test and the 6-min walk test in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"49","author":"Scivoletto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100993","article-title":"Walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI): an international multicenter validity and reliability study","volume":"38","author":"Ditunno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102071","article-title":"Validation of the walking index for spinal cord injury in a US and European clinical population","volume":"46","author":"Ditunno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib53","first-page":"6","article-title":"The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation","volume":"1","author":"Keith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100504","article-title":"SCIM\u2013spinal cord independence measure: a new disability scale for patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"35","author":"Catz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101118","article-title":"The spinal cord independence measure (SCIM): sensitivity to functional changes in subgroups of spinal cord lesion patients","volume":"39","author":"Catz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280601046302","article-title":"The Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) version III: reliability and validity in a multi-center international study","volume":"29","author":"Itzkovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000057226.22271.44","article-title":"Reliability of the Catz-Itzkovich Spinal Cord Independence Measure assessment by interview and comparison with observation","volume":"82","author":"Itzkovich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101960","article-title":"A multicenter international study on the Spinal Cord Independence Measure, version III: Rasch psychometric validation","volume":"45","author":"Catz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018_bib59","series-title":"SF-36\u00ae health survey manual and interpretation guide","author":"Ware","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999318300923?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999318300923?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T01:11:51Z","timestamp":1603847511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999318300923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999318300923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical Assessment of Spasticity in People With Spinal Cord Damage: Recommendations From the Ability Network, an International Initiative","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}