{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:25:10Z","timestamp":1785824710832,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T16:21:08Z","timestamp":1525882868000},"page":"1965-1981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Describing Functioning in People Living With Spinal Cord Injury in Switzerland: A Graphical Modeling Approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ehrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Prodinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Peter","family":"Gm\u00fcnder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Hug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome E.","family":"Bickenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Stucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib1","series-title":"Understanding spinal cord injury. In: International perspectives on spinal cord injury","first-page":"22","author":"Bickenbach","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib2","series-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib3","series-title":"Advances in rehabilitation research issues in physical & rehabilitation medicine","first-page":"53","article-title":"Towards an epidemiology of functioning","author":"Fellinghauer","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2109","article-title":"Olle Hook Lectureship 2015: The World Health Organization\u2019s paradigm shift and implementation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in rehabilitation","volume":"48","author":"Stucki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib5","first-page":"180","article-title":"Association of pain, social support and socioeconomic indicators in patients with spinal cord injury in Iran","volume":"52","author":"Khazaeipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1138600","article-title":"Secondary conditions in a community sample of people with spinal cord damage","volume":"39","author":"New","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.10.083","article-title":"Depression trajectories during the first year after spinal cord injury","volume":"97","author":"Bombardier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101757","article-title":"Spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90432-9","article-title":"Adjustment after spinal cord injury: a 9-year longitudinal study","volume":"78","author":"Krause","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90139-3","article-title":"Predictors of health status and life satisfaction in spinal cord injury","volume":"79","author":"Post","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-010-0222-8","article-title":"Functioning and disability in people living with spinal cord injury in high- and low-resourced countries: a comparative analysis of 14 countries","volume":"56","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-14","article-title":"Understanding human functioning using graphical models","volume":"10","author":"Kalisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.01.018","article-title":"Graphical models illustrated complex associations between variables describing human functioning","volume":"62","author":"Strobl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib14","article-title":"Graphical modelling: a tool for describing and understanding the functioning of people living with a health condition","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2056","article-title":"The SwiSCI Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Bickenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2050","article-title":"Swiss national community survey on functioning after spinal cord injury: protocol, characteristics of participants and determinants of non-response","volume":"48","author":"Brinkhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2039","article-title":"Health conditions in people with spinal cord injury: contemporary evidence from a population-based community survey in Switzerland","volume":"48","author":"Brinkhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.04.012","article-title":"Psychological resources, appraisals, and coping and their relationship to participation in spinal cord injury: a path analysis","volume":"95","author":"Peter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.006","article-title":"Social skills: a resource for more social support, lower depression levels, higher quality of life, and participation in individuals with spinal cord injury?","volume":"96","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.128","article-title":"ICF core sets for individuals with spinal cord injury in the early post-acute context","volume":"48","author":"Kirchberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.183","article-title":"ICF core sets for individuals with spinal cord injury in the long-term context","volume":"48","author":"Cieza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753924","article-title":"Preliminary reliability and validity of a spinal cord injury secondary conditions scale","volume":"30","author":"Kalpakjian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.87","article-title":"Development and validation of a self-report version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM III)","volume":"51","author":"Fekete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.236","article-title":"Comparison of the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation with the ICF Measure of Participation and Activities Screener and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"95","author":"van der Zee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2026","article-title":"Toward standardized reporting for a cohort study on functioning: the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Prodinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2010","article-title":"Metric properties of the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-Participation) in persons with spinal cord injury living in Switzerland","volume":"48","author":"Mader","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04569-5","article-title":"Four steps to follow when documenting functioning with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","volume":"53","author":"Stucki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2029","article-title":"Subgroups in epidemiological studies on spinal cord injury: evaluation of international recommendations in the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Hinrichs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","article-title":"MissForest\u2014non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data","volume":"28","author":"Stekhoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib30","series-title":"Causality: models, reasoning, and inference","author":"Pearl","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v047.i11","article-title":"Causal inference using graphical models with the R package PCalg","volume":"47","author":"Kalisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib32","first-page":"613","article-title":"Estimating high-dimensional directed acyclic graphs with the PC-algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Kalisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib33","unstructured":"Wang R, Peng J. Learning directed acyclic graphs via bootstrap aggregating. 2013. Available at: URL:arXiv:1406.2098. Accessed February 15, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/096382800296863","article-title":"Long-term consequences of spinal cord injury on social participation: the occurrence of handicap situations","volume":"22","author":"Noreau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101872","article-title":"Five additional mobility and locomotor items to improve responsiveness of the FIM in wheelchair-dependent individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"Middleton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.002","article-title":"Symptom burden in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101073","article-title":"Chronic pain after SCI: a patient survey","volume":"38","author":"Ravenscroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200205000-00004","article-title":"Treatments for chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: many are tried, few are helpful","volume":"18","author":"Warms","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2060","article-title":"From the person\u2019s perspective: perceived problems in functioning among individuals with spinal cord injury in Switzerland","volume":"48","author":"Rubinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib40","first-page":"121","article-title":"The effects of tetraplegia on chest wall statics","volume":"134","author":"Estenne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.156","article-title":"Differences in functioning of individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)","volume":"49","author":"Herrmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00643.x","article-title":"Management of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries","volume":"9","author":"Garcia Leoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101680","article-title":"Quality of sleep in individuals with spinal cord injury: a comparison between patients with and without pain","volume":"43","author":"Norrbrink Budh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2015.1037883","article-title":"GPU-powered shotgun stochastic search for Dirichlet process mixtures of Gaussian graphical models","volume":"25","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015_bib45","unstructured":"American Spinal Injury Association\/International Medical Society of Paraplegia. International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury patients (revised). Chicago, American Spinal Injury Association; 2002."}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999318302880?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999318302880?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:12:18Z","timestamp":1661213538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999318302880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999318302880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Describing Functioning in People Living With Spinal Cord Injury in Switzerland: A Graphical Modeling Approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}