{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:46:40Z","timestamp":1780339600961,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,26]],"date-time":"2019-01-26T12:39:00Z","timestamp":1548506340000},"page":"1184-1190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Improving Walking Ability in People With Neurologic\u00a0Conditions: A Theoretical Framework for Biomechanics-Driven Exercise Prescription"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3546-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne","family":"Hassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Olver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meg E.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1369-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Ada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.032","volume":"95","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.06.012","article-title":"Systematic review of the economic impact of cerebral palsy","volume":"80","author":"Tonmukayakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 109","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib3","first-page":"8","article-title":"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006","volume":"109","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3","article-title":"How common are the \u201ccommon\u201d neurologic disorders?","volume":"68","author":"Hirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib5","series-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: a report to Congress","author":"Thurman","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib6","series-title":"World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention","author":"Peden","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/02699059509004565","article-title":"A profile of outcome: 2 years after traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Ponsford","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.09.006","article-title":"Contemporary outcomes of vertebral artery injury","volume":"57","author":"Alterman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib9","first-page":"6603","article-title":"A clinical study of motor imagery BCI performance in stroke by including calibration data from passive movement","volume":"2013","author":"Ang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198806000-00012","article-title":"Rehabilitation goals of patients with hemiplegia","volume":"11","author":"Bohannon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15369.x","article-title":"Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"40","author":"Wiley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23082","article-title":"The effects of an exercise program on fall risk factors in people with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31824a1d40","article-title":"Mobility after traumatic brain injury: relationships with ankle joint power generation and motor skill level","volume":"28","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199903000-00007","article-title":"Analysis of the clinical factors determining natural and maximal gait speeds in adults with a stroke","volume":"78","author":"Nadeau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000058","article-title":"Strength training for walking in neurologic rehabilitation is not task specific: a focused review","volume":"93","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2018.02.012","article-title":"Progressive resistance training increases strength after stroke but this may not carry over to activity: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Dorsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150401","article-title":"Effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions to improve gait speed in children with cerebral palsy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Moreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(06)70003-4","article-title":"Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Ada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr699oa","article-title":"Outcomes of progressive resistance strength training following stroke: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512437418","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and progressive resistance training: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Kjolhede","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib21","first-page":"147","article-title":"Energy generation and absorption at the ankle and knee during fast, natural, and slow cadences","author":"Winter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1983.10735302","article-title":"Biomechanical motor patterns in normal walking","volume":"15","author":"Winter","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib23","series-title":"Whittle's gait analysis","author":"Whittle","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.3.867","article-title":"Efficiency of human skeletal muscle in\u00a0vivo: comparison of isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle action","volume":"83","author":"Ryschon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture","volume":"23","author":"Lieber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib26","first-page":"99","article-title":"Muscle and tendon contributions to force, work, and elastic energy savings: a comparative perspective","volume":"28","author":"Biewener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00244-1","article-title":"The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion","volume":"133","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib28","first-page":"275","article-title":"Muscle architecture of the human lower limb","author":"Wickiewicz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.10.009","article-title":"The distribution of positive work and power generation amongst the lower-limb joints during walking normalises following recovery from traumatic brain injury","volume":"43","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"Ratamess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.004","article-title":"The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics","volume":"28","author":"Neptune","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.01.017","article-title":"How robust is human gait to muscle weakness?","volume":"36","author":"van der Krogt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.003970","article-title":"Muscles do more positive than negative work in human locomotion","volume":"210","author":"DeVita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.162","article-title":"Lower limb angular velocity during walking at various speeds","volume":"65","author":"Mentiplay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.015","article-title":"The effect of walking speed on the gait of typically developing children","volume":"41","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1361","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo behaviour of human muscle tendon during walking","volume":"268","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31819c2df6","article-title":"It pays to have a spring in your step","volume":"37","author":"Sawicki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00189.2005","article-title":"Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking","volume":"99","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.10.001","article-title":"Non-uniform in\u00a0vivo deformations of the human Achilles tendon during walking","volume":"41","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib40","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effect of explosive type strength training on electromyographic and force production characteristics of leg extensor muscles during concentric and various stretch-shortening cycle exercises","volume":"7","author":"H\u00e4kkinen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand J Sports Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1519\/1073-6840(1994)016<0020:DEMPIF>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Developing explosive muscular power: implications for a mixed methods training strategy","volume":"16","author":"Newton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5433","article-title":"Lower-limb muscular strategies for increasing running speed","volume":"44","author":"Schache","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181dc120b","article-title":"Evaluation of a conceptual framework for retraining high-level mobility following traumatic brain injury: two case reports","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5432\/ijshs.3.100","article-title":"Behavior of fascicle and tendinous tissue of medial gastrocnemius muscle during rebound exercise of ankle joint","volume":"3","author":"Sugisaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000139","article-title":"Feasibility of ballistic strengthening exercises in neurologic rehabilitation","volume":"96","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3763","article-title":"Determination of the fascicle length of the gastrocnemius muscle during calf raise exercise using ultrasonography","volume":"27","author":"Kudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cr954oa","article-title":"Jump training is feasible for nearly ambulatory patients after stroke","volume":"20","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.032","article-title":"Feasibility of ballistic strength training in subacute stroke: a randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Hendrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000012","article-title":"Plyometric training: effectiveness and optimal duration for children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"26","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31824d30ee","article-title":"Effects of a plyometric training program for 3 children with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317723750","article-title":"Improved walking capacity and muscle strength after functional power-training in young children with cerebral palsy","volume":"31","author":"van Vulpen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.04.0109","article-title":"Feasibility of lower-limb muscle power training to enhance locomotor function poststroke","volume":"52","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib53","first-page":"5","article-title":"The effects of POWER training in young and older adults after stroke","volume":"2016","author":"Hunnicutt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib54","first-page":"3","article-title":"Performance benefits from weight and plyometric training: effects of initial strength level","volume":"2","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coach Sports Sci J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199508000-00015","article-title":"Influence of high-resistance and high-velocity training on sprint performance","volume":"27","author":"Delecluse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999319300759?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999319300759?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1558607627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999319300759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999319300759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Improving Walking Ability in People With Neurologic\u00a0Conditions: A Theoretical Framework for Biomechanics-Driven Exercise Prescription","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}