{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:55:05Z","timestamp":1791438905531,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90SI5014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90SI5014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90SI5011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90SI5011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90SI5026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90SI5026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90SI5008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90SI5008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006307","name":"Administration for Community Living","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1247842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1247842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1144584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1144584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T01:35:34Z","timestamp":1565832934000},"page":"2233-2243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study to Investigate the Effects of Perceived Discrimination in the Health Care Setting on Pain and Depressive Symptoms in Wheelchair Users With Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0601-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Hogaboom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise C.","family":"Fyffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Botticello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8795-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn A.","family":"Worobey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Boninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302182","article-title":"Persons with disabilities as an unrecognized health disparity population","volume":"105","author":"Krahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.07.293","article-title":"Health status rated with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey after spinal cord injury","volume":"86","author":"Haran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-199603000-00006","article-title":"Incidence of secondary complications in spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Anson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101629","article-title":"Utilization of health services following spinal cord injury: a 6-year follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Dryden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101933","article-title":"Utilization, access and satisfaction with primary care among people with spinal cord injuries: a comparison of three countries","volume":"45","author":"Donnelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.005","article-title":"Health care utilization and barriers experienced by individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"95","author":"Stillman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1184828","article-title":"Utilization and access to healthcare services among community-dwelling people living with spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.04.0053","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Dijkers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.115","article-title":"Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.156","article-title":"International spinal cord injury pain classification: part I. Background and description. March 6-7, 2009","volume":"50","author":"Bryce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.016","article-title":"Depression after spinal cord injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment","volume":"92","author":"Fann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.10.036","article-title":"A longitudinal study of depression from 1 to 5 years after spinal cord injury","volume":"92","author":"Hoffman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.03.002","article-title":"Developing a model of associations between chronic pain, depressive mood, chronic fatigue, and self-efficacy in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Craig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.938176","article-title":"The intersection of disability and healthcare disparities: a conceptual framework","volume":"37","author":"Meade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.2000.tb01849.x","article-title":"Perceived accessibility versus actual physical accessibility of healthcare facilities","volume":"25","author":"Sanchez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2017.02.003","article-title":"Healthcare utilization and associated barriers experienced by wheelchair users: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Stillman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2010.07.006","article-title":"Achieving accessible health care for people with disabilities: why the ADA is only part of the solution","volume":"3","author":"Yee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181792562","article-title":"Perceived discrimination in health care and health status in a racially diverse sample","volume":"46","author":"Hausmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3233-6","article-title":"Discrimination in healthcare settings is associated with disability in older adults: health and retirement study, 2008\u20132012","volume":"30","author":"Rogers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016059","article-title":"Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review","volume":"135","author":"Pascoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.10.007","article-title":"The association of race, cultural factors, and health-related quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"92","author":"Myaskovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.12.015","article-title":"How are race, cultural, and psychosocial factors associated with outcomes in veterans with spinal cord injury?","volume":"98","author":"Myaskovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000184","article-title":"Examining implicit bias of physicians who care for individuals with spinal cord injury: a pilot study and future directions","volume":"38","author":"Hausmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.002","article-title":"Wheelchair breakdowns are associated with pain, pressure injuries, rehospitalization, and self-perceived health in full-time wheelchair users with spinal cord injury","volume":"99","author":"Hogaboom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.11.004","article-title":"Disparities in wheelchair procurement by payer among people with spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Groah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.59","article-title":"International spinal cord injury core data set (version 2.0)-including standardization of reporting","volume":"55","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/108729104322740884","article-title":"Health-related correlates of perceived discrimination in HIV care","volume":"18","author":"Bird","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1102_4","article-title":"Validation of the Detroit Area Study Discrimination Scale in a community sample of older African American adults: the Pittsburgh healthy heart project","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib30","first-page":"554","article-title":"Perceived race-based and socioeconomic status (SES)-based discrimination in interactions with health care providers","volume":"11","author":"Bird","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ethn Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753405","article-title":"Pain after spinal cord injury: an evidence-based review for clinical practice and research. Report of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Spinal Cord Injury Measures meeting","volume":"30","author":"Bryce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.08.029","article-title":"Cut point determination in the measurement of pain and its relationship to psychosocial and functional measures after traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective model spinal cord injury system analysis","volume":"92","author":"Forchheimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006","article-title":"Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2)","volume":"58","author":"Lowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0846-z","article-title":"Validity\/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 depression scales among adults living with HIV\/AIDS in western Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Monahan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478722","article-title":"A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values","volume":"83","author":"Little","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00028-3","article-title":"Application of negative binomial modeling for discrete outcomes: a case study in aging research","volume":"56","author":"Byers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/096382899297675","article-title":"Ageing with spinal cord injury: the impact of spousal support","volume":"21","author":"Holicky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.7167","article-title":"Depression after spinal cord injury: relation to gender, ethnicity, aging, and socioeconomic indicators","volume":"81","author":"Krause","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04019.x","article-title":"Comorbidities in chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"5","author":"Nicholson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Med (Malden, Mass)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.34","article-title":"Burden of spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain in the United States: retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey","volume":"51","author":"Mann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.04.027","article-title":"Gender and minority differences in the pain experience of people with spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Cardenas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib43","series-title":"Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2010: 2010 Census Briefs","author":"Humes","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.01.018","article-title":"The role of trust in use of preventive services among low-income African-American women","volume":"38","author":"O'Malley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.248","article-title":"Paved with good intentions: do public health and human service providers contribute to racial\/ethnic disparities in health?","volume":"93","author":"van Ryn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902253400806","article-title":"The effect of race and sex on physicians\u2019 recommendations for cardiac catheterization","volume":"340","author":"Schulman","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182610ad1","article-title":"Can hospital cultural competency reduce disparities in patient experiences with care?","volume":"50","author":"Weech-Maldonado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/HMR.0000000000000128","article-title":"Hospital cultural competency as a systematic organizational intervention: key findings from the National Center for Healthcare Leadership Diversity Demonstration Project","volume":"43","author":"Weech-Maldonado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Care Manage Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.10.805","article-title":"Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model","volume":"54","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Psychol"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999319309761?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999319309761?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:39:10Z","timestamp":1791437950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999319309761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999319309761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Cross-Sectional Study to Investigate the Effects of Perceived Discrimination in the Health Care Setting on Pain and Depressive Symptoms in Wheelchair Users With Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}