{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:59:49Z","timestamp":1792511989801,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005001","name":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T16:35:23Z","timestamp":1604594123000},"page":"290-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Effects of Virtual Reality vs Conventional Balance Training on Balance and Falls in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Farshad","family":"Molhemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeideh","family":"Monjezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mehravar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Jafar","family":"Shaterzadeh-Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Hesam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mohammadianinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2795-8","article-title":"Trunk sway in mildly disabled multiple sclerosis patients with and without balance impairment","volume":"213","author":"Findling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.05.018","article-title":"Systematic review: the effectiveness of interventions to reduce falls and improve balance in adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Gunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120231","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for falls in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Gunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513517575","article-title":"A systematic review of factors associated with accidental falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic approach","volume":"28","author":"Giann\u00ec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.09.017","article-title":"Neuropsychological, balance, and mobility risk factors for falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Hoang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507077602","article-title":"Effects of balance exercises on people with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.003","article-title":"The effects of home-based resistance exercise on balance, power, and mobility in adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"DeBolt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516639735","article-title":"Effects of dual-task balance training on postural performance in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"31","author":"Monjezi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib9","first-page":"CD012475","article-title":"Interventions for preventing falls in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02120","article-title":"Virtual reality as a vehicle to empower motor-cognitive neurorehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Perez-Marcos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib11","first-page":"473","article-title":"The development and pilot evaluation of virtual reality balance scenarios in people with multiple sclerosis (MS): a feasibility study","volume":"43","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.2196\/games.2933","article-title":"Virtual rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis using a Kinect-based system: randomized controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Lozano-Quilis","year":"2014","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110422","article-title":"Exergaming for children and adolescents: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats","volume":"7","author":"Benzing","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.013","article-title":"A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of virtual reality rehabilitation programs","volume":"70","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.10.013","article-title":"Exergame technology and interactive interventions for elderly fall prevention: a systematic literature review","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518768084","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality training for balance and gait rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Casuso-Holgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005603","article-title":"Advantages of virtual reality in the rehabilitation of balance and gait: systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Cano Porras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20100702","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (Chinese version)","volume":"8","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Chinese Integr Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130618","article-title":"\u201cKinect-ing\u201d with clinicians: a knowledge translation resource to support decision making about video game use in rehabilitation","volume":"95","author":"Levac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib22","series-title":"Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques","author":"Kisner","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130149","article-title":"Outcome measures for individuals with multiple sclerosis: recommendations from the American Physical Therapy Association Neurology Section Task Force","volume":"94","author":"Potter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.11.009","article-title":"Measurement and treatment of imbalance and fall risk in multiple sclerosis using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model","volume":"24","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Persian-version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale and Fall Efficacy Scale-International in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"00","author":"Monjezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib26","first-page":"458","article-title":"Responsiveness of postural performance measures following balance rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"22","author":"Negahban","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701191859","article-title":"Reliability of four scales on balance disorders in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500404289","article-title":"Validity of six balance disorders scales in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e328350b65f","article-title":"Reliability and clinical significance of mobility and balance assessments in multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Learmonth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.11.003","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12, translation, adaptation and validation for the Persian language population","volume":"41","author":"Nakhostin Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2014-059","article-title":"Fall incidence as the primary outcome in multiple sclerosis falls-prevention trials: recommendation from the International MS Falls Prevention Research Network","volume":"16","author":"Coote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508095087","article-title":"Predicting accidental falls in people with multiple sclerosis - a longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Nilsag\u00e5rd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib33","series-title":"Suitability Evaluation Questionnaire for virtual rehabilitation systems. Application in a virtual rehabilitation system for balance rehabilitation","author":"Gil-Gomez","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(04)84010-2","article-title":"Mixed-model regression analysis and dealing with interindividual differences","volume":"384","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31325-3","article-title":"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"Mirelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516677591","article-title":"CoDuSe group exercise programme improves balance and reduces falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a multi-centre, randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Carling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.011","article-title":"The effect of active video games on cognitive functioning in clinical and non-clinical populations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"78","author":"Stanmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130579","article-title":"Emergence of virtual reality as\u00a0a tool for upper limb rehabilitation: incorporation of motor\u00a0control\u00a0and motor learning principles","volume":"95","author":"Levin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00509.x","article-title":"Monitoring falls in cohort studies of community-dwelling older people: effect of the recall interval","volume":"53","author":"Ganz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999320312120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999320312120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:06:37Z","timestamp":1757747197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999320312120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999320312120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of Virtual Reality vs Conventional Balance Training on Balance and Falls in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.395","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}