{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T06:30:16Z","timestamp":1764052216078,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010652","name":"Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T10:49:47Z","timestamp":1612003787000},"page":"1816-1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Current State of Knowledge on Digital Rectal Stimulation in Individuals With Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3156-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Wincentak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Rudden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilshad","family":"Kassam-Lallani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Mullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Krog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shauna","family":"Kingsnorth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.189","article-title":"International spinal cord injury bowel function basic data set (version 2.0)","volume":"55","author":"Krogh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02055170","article-title":"Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions","volume":"40","author":"Krogh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90416-0","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management","volume":"78","author":"Stiens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.712196","article-title":"Secondary health conditions and quality of life in persons living with spinal cord injury for at least ten years","volume":"35","author":"Adriaansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2226","article-title":"The health and life priorities of individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000135","article-title":"Bowel management and quality of life in children with spina bifida in South Korea","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Nurs"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in adults after spinal cord injury: clinical practice guideline for health care providers","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib7"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"Guidelines for management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in individualswith central neurological conditions","author":"Coggrave","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib8"},{"article-title":"Bowel continence","year":"2012","author":"Smith","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2388-2","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management for the adult spinal cord injury patient","volume":"36","author":"Stoffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.14","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"48","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital rectal stimulation as an intervention in persons with spinal cord injury and upper motor neuron neurogenic bowel: an evidence-based systematic review of the literature","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Systematic reviews in social sciences: a practical guide","author":"Petticrew","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1998.11719541","article-title":"Bowel management in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Goetz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23417","article-title":"Fecal incontinence in patients with spina bifida: the target is the rectum","volume":"37","author":"Brochard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000892","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction related to spina bifida - keep it simple","volume":"60","author":"Brochard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.102","article-title":"International bowel function basic spinal cord injury data set","volume":"47","author":"Krogh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050307","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence","volume":"36","author":"Jorge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101887","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score","volume":"44","author":"Krogh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib25","first-page":"S35","article-title":"The international spinal cord injury data sets for bowel and bladder: development of interview forms","volume":"19","author":"Forchheimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib26","first-page":"237","article-title":"Rome III: new standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"15","author":"Drossman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.45","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during bowel evacuation procedures and bladder filling in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Faaborg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753911","article-title":"Anorectal stimulation causes increased colonic motor activity in subjects with spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Korsten","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2000.11753536","article-title":"Physiologic basis of digital-rectal stimulation for bowel evacuation in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Shafik","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000247649.00219.c0","article-title":"The effect of abdominal massage on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Aya\u015f","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100702","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol versus vegetable oil based bisacodyl suppositories to initiate side-lying bowel care: a clinical trial in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Steins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(93)90027-8","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the sacral dermatomes in spinal cord injury: effect on rectal manometry and bowel emptying","volume":"74","author":"Frost","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1998.11719506","article-title":"Bowel care for individuals with spinal cord injury: comparison of four approaches","volume":"21","author":"Amir","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.86","article-title":"Topical anesthesia blunts the pressor response induced by bowel manipulation in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Furusawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1146","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14198","article-title":"Effect of quantitative assessment-based nursing intervention on the bowel function and life quality of patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.166","article-title":"The need for manual evacuation and oral laxatives in the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury a randomized controlled trial of a stepwise protocol","volume":"48","author":"Coggrave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib37","first-page":"221","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during a bowel program in patients with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"61","author":"Furusawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.36070","article-title":"Silent autonomic dysreflexia during a routine bowel program in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury: a preliminary study","volume":"83","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.011","article-title":"Outcomes of neurogenic bowel management in individuals living with a spinal cord injury for at least 10 years","volume":"96","author":"Adriaansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.137","article-title":"Management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury a postal survey in the United Kingdom","volume":"47","author":"Coggrave","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001446","article-title":"Fecal incontinence and neurogenic bowel dysfunction in women with traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"62","author":"Elmelund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2202-85","article-title":"Self-report of behaviors to manage neurogenic bowel and bladder by individuals with chronic spinal cord injury frequency and associated outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Forchheimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101795","article-title":"Bowel management in patients with spinal cord injury \u2013 a multicentre study of the German speaking society of paraplegia (DMGP)","volume":"43","author":"Haas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101010","article-title":"Megacolon in patients with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Harari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5343","article-title":"A community perspective on bowel management and quality of life after spinal cord injury: the influence of autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"35","author":"Inskip","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.124","article-title":"Management of bowel dysfunction in the community after spinal cord injury a postal survey in the Republic of Korea","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100461","article-title":"Bowel management outcomes in individuals with long-term spinal cord injuries","volume":"35","author":"Menter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/RNJ.00024","article-title":"Characteristics of neurogenic bowel in spinal cord injury and perceived quality of life","volume":"37","author":"Pardee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02282-3","article-title":"Long-term results for Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease","volume":"61","author":"Teichman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25912","article-title":"Economic consequences of an implanted neuroprosthesis for bladder and bowel management","volume":"82","author":"Creasey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.16341","article-title":"Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (colitis cystica profunda) in spinal cord injury patients: 3 case reports","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.004","article-title":"Long-term outcomes and longitudinal changes of neurogenic bowel management in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury","volume":"98","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.417","article-title":"Phenomenological study of neurogenic bowel from the perspective of individuals living with spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/rnj.0000000000000093","article-title":"Bowel control strategies used by veterans with long-standing spinal cord injuries","volume":"43","author":"Schmelzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rehabil Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.09.020","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury from the perspective of support providers: a phenomenological study","volume":"7","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.019","article-title":"Risk factors associated with neurogenic bowel complications and dysfunction in spinal cord injury","volume":"97","author":"Tate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0061-5","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in spinal cord injury: relationships with level of injury and psychologic factors","volume":"48","author":"Ng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib58","first-page":"56","article-title":"GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib59","first-page":"335","article-title":"National Spina Bifida Patient Registry. Bowel management and continence in adults with spina bifida: results from the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry 2009-15","volume":"10","author":"Wiener","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.09.002","article-title":"Pediatric spinal cord injury: a review by organ system","volume":"26","author":"Powell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999321000939?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999321000939?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:08:54Z","timestamp":1757747334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999321000939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999321000939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-9993"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current State of Knowledge on Digital Rectal Stimulation in Individuals With Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.12.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}