{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:59:12Z","timestamp":1793228352668,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90SI5023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90SI5023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T02:24:36Z","timestamp":1622255076000},"page":"696-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Acute Spinal Cord Injury Is Associated With Prevalent Cardiometabolic Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Solinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Schmidt-Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mendel","family":"Kupfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan M.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Nathaniel B.","family":"Dusseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaga","family":"Szlachcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Andrew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a1aa68","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and spinal cord injury: results from a national population health survey","volume":"81","author":"Cragg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31802f0247","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management","volume":"86","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mortality in the United States","volume":"2018","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1603-1","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk clustering and atherosclerosis: is there a link in spinal cord injury?","volume":"16","author":"Groah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.002","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury\/disease: guideline-derived and non-guideline risk components in a pooled sample","volume":"97","author":"Nash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0006","article-title":"Cardiometabolic syndrome: a global health issue","volume":"42","author":"Saljoughian","year":"2017","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome\u2013a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation","volume":"23","author":"Alberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102161","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Bauman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.031","article-title":"A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"88","author":"Nash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1511401","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Nash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.026","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity in adults with chronic spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study","volume":"97","author":"Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-018-0203-z","article-title":"Guideline approaches for cardioendocrine disease surveillance and treatment following spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.04.001","article-title":"Updates for the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.33","article-title":"Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"47","author":"Laughton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.12.2191","article-title":"Correct homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) evaluation uses the computer program","volume":"21","author":"Levy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000087","article-title":"Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"73","author":"Muntner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"25 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0018","first-page":"S139","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"129","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.22.2685","article-title":"Total cholesterol\/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol\/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study","volume":"161","author":"Lemieux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.446","article-title":"Triglyceride-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and metabolic syndrome as contributors to cardiovascular risk in overweight patients","volume":"18","author":"Marotta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile\u2013part I","volume":"37","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.08.002","article-title":"Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Gorgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-091","article-title":"Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Gorgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0218-4","article-title":"Nutritional status in chronic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0025","first-page":"445","article-title":"High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients","volume":"67","author":"Brenes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92482-0","article-title":"HDL cholesterol across a spectrum of physical activity from quadriplegia to marathon running","volume":"1","author":"LaPorte","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.29.11.906","article-title":"Glucose-intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal-cord injuries","volume":"29","author":"Duckworth","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0028","series-title":"In Kirshblum S, Lin VW editors.","first-page":"278","article-title":"Endocrinology and metabolism of persons with spinal cord injury","author":"Bauman","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.04.004","article-title":"Implication of altered autonomic control for orthostatic tolerance in SCI","volume":"209","author":"Wecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2009","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00522.2007","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress in cardiovascular insulin resistance","volume":"293","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2303-207","article-title":"Inflammatory stress effects on health and function after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Noller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1357104","article-title":"Neurogenic obesity and systemic inflammation following spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"41","author":"Farkas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0033","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of the gut microbiome composition among individuals with acute or long-standing spinal cord injury vs. able-bodied controls","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.04.006","article-title":"Reducing cardiometabolic disease in spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Kressler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.1038\/scsandc.2017.7","article-title":"A lifestyle intervention program for successfully addressing major cardiometabolic risks in persons with SCI: a three-subject case series","volume":"3","author":"Bigford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-19963","article-title":"Effect of short-term low-intensity exercise on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and glucose and lipid metabolism in non-obese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"34","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318295cdbb","article-title":"Modification of insulin sensitivity and glycemic control by activity and exercise","volume":"45","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sprts Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2002-113","article-title":"Effects of circuit resistance training and timely protein supplementation on exercise-induced fat oxidation in tetraplegic adults","volume":"20","author":"Kressler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2005.11753827","article-title":"Evidence for an exaggerated postprandial lipemia in chronic paraplegia","volume":"28","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2010.10719884","article-title":"The influence of visceral fat on the postprandial lipemic response in men with paraplegia","volume":"29","author":"Emmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000199","article-title":"Effects of prandial challenge on triglyceridemia, glycemia, and pro-inflammatory activity in persons with chronic paraplegia","volume":"38","author":"Ellenbroek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022_bib0042","series-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. HCHS Fact Sheet","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999321003981?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999321003981?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:39:12Z","timestamp":1791437952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999321003981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999321003981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute Spinal Cord Injury Is Associated With Prevalent Cardiometabolic Risk Factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.04.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}