{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:21:09Z","timestamp":1791976869342,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010270","name":"Capital Health Research and Development of Special Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-2Z-5015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-2Z-5015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T13:41:24Z","timestamp":1630158084000},"page":"988-997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.29.2.273","article-title":"An historical note on the phantom limb","volume":"29","author":"Whitaker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0717-x","article-title":"Origins of phantom limb pain","volume":"55","author":"Kuffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000888","article-title":"Clinical updates on phantom limb pain","volume":"6","author":"Erlenwein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0004","first-page":"121","article-title":"Postamputation pain: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.04.001","article-title":"The effects of mirror therapy on pain and motor control of phantom limb in amputees: a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Barbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1288283","article-title":"Non-pharmacological conservative therapy for phantom limb pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Batsford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-007-0006-x","article-title":"Evidence for a mismatch between the brain's movement control system and sensory system as an explanation for some pain-related disorders","volume":"11","author":"McCabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.02.020","article-title":"Mirrored, imagined and executed movements differentially activate sensorimotor cortex in amputees with and without phantom limb pain","author":"Diers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0009","article-title":"Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke","volume":"7","author":"Thieme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150500","article-title":"Update on the effects of graded motor imagery and mirror therapy on complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Guillermo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.8.713","article-title":"Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","author":"Maher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1626","article-title":"Mirror therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for management of phantom limb pain in amputees - a single blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Tilak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0013","first-page":"101","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and phantom exercises on phantom limb pain","volume":"49","author":"Anaforo\u011flu K\u00fcl\u00fcnko\u011flu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2006.06.002","article-title":"Analgesia through the looking-glass? A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of viewing a \u2018virtual\u2019 limb upon phantom limb pain, sensation and movement","volume":"11","author":"Brodie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000249112.56935.32","article-title":"Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Moseley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00267","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of mirror therapy for upper extremity phantom limb pain in male amputees","volume":"8","author":"Finn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0017","first-page":"457","article-title":"Intervention for phantom limb pain: a randomized single crossover study of mirror therapy","volume":"59","author":"Ramadugu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518785948","article-title":"Traditional and augmented reality mirror therapy for patients with chronic phantom limb pain (PACT study): results of a three-group, multicentre single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Rothgangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0042","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb and stump pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial in landmine amputees in Cambodia","volume":"18","author":"Ol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0020","first-page":"119","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of mirror therapy treat to phantom limb pain after amputation","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Innov China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0021","article-title":"Comparison of relative benefits of mirror therapy and mental imagery in phantom limb pain in amputee patients at a tertiary care center","volume":"2","author":"Mallik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0022","first-page":"156","article-title":"Efficacy of mirror therapy for phantom limb sensation and phantom limb pain in amputee: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.008","article-title":"The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"David","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(05)80042-7","article-title":"Sex differences in pain perception","volume":"2","author":"Wisenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/030089161209800134","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in an adolescent cancer survivor","volume":"98","author":"Clerici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl180","article-title":"Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees","volume":"129","author":"Mercier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-41","article-title":"Combined mirror visual and auditory feedback therapy for upper limb phantom pain: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Wilcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0028","first-page":"44","article-title":"Effect of mirror therapy combined with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation on the phantom limb pain after amputation","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc071927","article-title":"Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain","volume":"357","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0933","article-title":"Home-based self-delivered mirror therapy for phantom pain: a pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Darnall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308328717","article-title":"Training with virtual visual feedback to alleviate phantom limb pain","volume":"23","author":"Mercier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10413","article-title":"Behavioral and magnetoencephalographic correlates of plasticity in the adult human brain","volume":"90","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181b74698","article-title":"Mirror therapy in the rehabilitation of lower-limb amputation: are there any contraindications?","volume":"88","author":"Casale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94003","article-title":"A review of current theories and treatments for phantom limb pain","volume":"128","author":"Kassondra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00074-1","article-title":"Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Flor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410389185","article-title":"Nerve injury triggers changes in the brain","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0037","first-page":"635","article-title":"Research progresses of functional magnetic resonance imaging on pathogenetic mechanisms of phantom limb pain","volume":"21","author":"Weimin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Med Imaging Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810_bib0038","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cortical functional reorganization in response to intact forelimb stimulation from acute to chronic stage in rodent amputation model","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999321013794?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999321013794?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:11:29Z","timestamp":1757747489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999321013794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999321013794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.810","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}