{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:31:56Z","timestamp":1767850316571,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009846","name":"Nova Southeastern University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T15:49:09Z","timestamp":1678117749000},"page":"863-871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Disparities of Social Participation After Tetraplegia Injury: A Regression Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6775-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kubiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Sklar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0001","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Spinal cord injury facts and figures at a glance. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/Public\/Facts%20and%20Figures%20-%202021.pdf. Accessed February 3, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0655","article-title":"Correlation of shoulder range of motion limitations at discharge with limitations in activities and participation one year later in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Eriks-Hoogland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970410031246","article-title":"Perceptions of participation and predictors of perceived problems with participation in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Lund","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12143","article-title":"Adjustment following chronic spinal cord injury: determining factors that contribute to social participation","volume":"20","author":"Craig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000117","article-title":"Environmental barriers and social participation in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"62","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0007","article-title":"Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (4th ed.)","volume":"74","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0008","unstructured":"Whiteneck G, Brooks C, Charlifue S, et al. Craig handicap assessment & reporting technique. Craig Hospital. 1992. Available at: https:\/\/craighospital.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/CraigHospital.CHARTManual.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1310\/1UGA-EY2T-N6XP-1PHE","article-title":"Perceived influence of the environment on social participation among individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Noreau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Topics Spinal Cord Injury Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12241","article-title":"Bourke-Taylor H. Facilitators and barriers to social and community participation following spinal cord injury","volume":"63","author":"Barclay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Occup Ther J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0011","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Spinal cord injury model systems: 2020 annual report. 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/public\/2020%20Annual%20Report%20-%20Complete%20Public%20Version.pdf. Accessed July 1, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.06.013","article-title":"Associations between insurance provider and assistive technology use for computer and electronic devices 1 year after yetraplegia: Findings from the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems National Database","volume":"100","author":"Monden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2008.10131946","article-title":"Disparities in usage of assistive technology among people with disabilities","volume":"20","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0014","unstructured":"Chen Y. National Spinal Cord Injury Models Systems (SCIMS) Database, National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, 2021, Available at: https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/Public_Pages\/Database, Accessed March 1, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0015","unstructured":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. 2016 annual report - Public version. 2016. Available at: https:\/\/www.nscisc.uab.edu\/Public\/2016%20Annual%20Report%20-%20Complete%20Public%20Version.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.030","article-title":"Cell telephone wwnership and social integration in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"92","author":"Roach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","article-title":"Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance","volume":"36","author":"Dormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201700067","article-title":"Variable selection\u08e7a review and recommendations for the practicing statistician","volume":"60","author":"Heinze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrical J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/1548512919847532","article-title":"Predictive models of world conflict: accounting for regional and conflict-state differences","volume":"17","author":"Shallcross","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Defense Modeling Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.04.007","article-title":"To what extent do neighborhood differences mediate racial disparities in participation after spinal cord injury?","volume":"97","author":"Botticello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0021","unstructured":"American Heart Association. Structural racism and health equity language guide. 2022. Available at: https:\/\/professional.heart.org\/-\/media\/PHD-Files-2\/Science-News\/s\/structural_racism_and_health_equity_language_guide.pdf. Accessed July 1, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0022","series-title":"Measuring income inequality","first-page":"462","author":"Trapeznikova","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0034355219848493","article-title":"Differential odds of employment and estimation of earnings among those with spinal cord injury","volume":"63","author":"Krause","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rehabil Counseling Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2540","article-title":"Racial disparities in outcomes after spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Lad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12632","article-title":"Predictors of self-efficacy among people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a cross-sectional study","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0026","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. Educational attainment. 2019. Available at: https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/raceindicators\/indicator_RFA.asp. Accessed February 5, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0027","series-title":"Income and poverty in the United States: 2020","author":"Shrider","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0028","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2020. BLS Reports 2021. 1095. Available at:https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/reports\/race-and-ethnicity\/2020\/#:~:text=By%20race%2C%20Whites%20made%20up,less%20than%20half%20a%20percent. Accessed February 5, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511","article-title":"Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Paradies","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000184","article-title":"Examining implicit bias of physicians who care for individuals with spinal cord injury: a pilot study and future directions","volume":"38","author":"Hausmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13738","article-title":"Unmet health care needs and inequality: a cross-country comparison of the situation of people with spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Pacheco Barzallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Services Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.04.027","article-title":"Environmental barriers experienced by people with spinal cord injury across 22 countries: Results rrom a cross-sectional survey","volume":"101","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255448","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury from 22 countries: does the countries\u2019 socioeconomic development moderate associations?","volume":"16","author":"Fekete","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-010-0222-8","article-title":"Functioning and disability in people living with spinal cord injury in high- and low-resourced countries: a comparative analysis of 14 countries","volume":"56","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0035","unstructured":"DataBank: Poverty and equity. 2022. Available at: https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/poverty-and-equity\/Type\/TABLE\/preview\/on. Accessed February 5, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Poverty rate (indicator). 2022. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/0fe1315d-en. Accessed February 5, 2022.","DOI":"10.1787\/0fe1315d-en"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0037","unstructured":"Income and poverty in the United States: 2019. Unisted States Census Bureau; 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2020\/demo\/income-poverty\/p60-270.html. Accessed February 6, 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206069","article-title":"Mental health in individuals with spinal cord injury: the role of socioeconomic conditions and social relationships","volume":"14","author":"Z\u00fcrcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2402-97","article-title":"Understanding and preventing loss to follow-up: experiences from the spinal cord injury model systems","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999323001090?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999323001090?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T07:15:47Z","timestamp":1757747747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999323001090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999323001090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities of Social Participation After Tetraplegia Injury: A Regression Analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}