{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:38:57Z","timestamp":1787578737767,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20221107KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20221107KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T02:32:28Z","timestamp":1732588348000},"page":"949-960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Virtual Reality-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mental Health and Cardiopulmonary Function of Individuals With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Saikun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4956-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lirong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.01.006","article-title":"Effects of miR-29a and miR-101a expression on myocardial interstitial collagen generation after aerobic exercise in myocardial-infarcted rats","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1014019","article-title":"The role of health-related quality of life in risk prediction for developing cardiovascular disease, dementia and all-cause death among general older adults","volume":"10","author":"Phyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2023.2425","article-title":"Individual and joint associations of anxiety disorder and depression with cardiovascular disease: a UK Biobank prospective cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Nakada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.030","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure: JACC expert panel","volume":"77","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6633a1","article-title":"Use of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation among heart attack survivors\u201420 States and the District of Columbia, 2013 and four states, 2015","volume":"66","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317750913","article-title":"Effectiveness, acceptability and usefulness of mobile applications for cardiovascular disease self-management: systematic review with meta-synthesis of quantitative and qualitative data","volume":"25","author":"Coorey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31051","DOI":"10.2196\/31051","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality training on upper limb function and balance in stroke patients: systematic review and meta-meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.08.005","article-title":"Trauma management therapy with virtual-reality augmented exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Beidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111257","article-title":"Virtual reality facilitated exercise improves pain perception: a crossover study","volume":"91","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.305","article-title":"Increasing exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with heart failure through Wii gaming: the rationale, design and methodology of the HF-Wii study; a multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Jaarsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000224","article-title":"In-class active video game supplementation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"37","author":"Ruivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11278","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811278","article-title":"How virtual reality technology has changed our lives: an overview of the current and potential applications and limitations","volume":"19","author":"Hamad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2022.104323","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101628","article-title":"The impact of virtual reality on anxiety and functional capacity in cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3","article-title":"The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review","volume":"52","author":"Bjelland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100350","article-title":"Criterion and construct validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) to measure depression in patients with cancer: the contribution of somatic items","volume":"23","author":"Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-10-31","article-title":"The six minute walk test accurately estimates mean peak oxygen uptake","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5935\/1678-9741.20130039","article-title":"The use of the virtual reality as intervention tool in the postoperative of cardiac surgery","volume":"28","author":"Cacau Lde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.05.003","article-title":"Application of a virtual reality-enhanced exercise protocol in patients after coronary bypass","volume":"86","author":"Chuang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8472","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228472","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality on cardiac rehabilitation programs for ischemic heart disease: a randomized pilot clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bravo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23882","DOI":"10.2196\/23882","article-title":"Effect of a virtual reality-enhanced exercise and education intervention on patient engagement and learning in cardiac rehabilitation: randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Gulick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1754","article-title":"Effects of exergaming on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure: results of an international multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Jaarsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57080768","article-title":"The use of virtual therapy in cardiac rehabilitation of female patients with heart disease","volume":"57","author":"J\u00f3\u017awik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102148","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of virtual reality-enhanced cardiac rehabilitation on depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"J\u00f3\u017awik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10040745","article-title":"The use of virtual therapy in cardiac rehabilitation of male patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized pilot study","volume":"10","author":"J\u00f3\u017awik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.15528","article-title":"The impact of mobile virtual reality-enhanced relaxation training on anxiety levels in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"78","author":"Macio\u0142ek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0297","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality therapy as a support for cardiac rehabilitation: a pilot randomized-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Szczepa\u0144ska-Gieracha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1297858","article-title":"Virtual reality exercise on a home-based phase III cardiac rehabilitation program, effect on executive function, quality of life and depression, anxiety and stress: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2006.0051","article-title":"Utilization of the internet to deliver cardiac rehabilitation at a distance: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Zutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29681","DOI":"10.2196\/29681","article-title":"Virtual reality for supporting the treatment of depression and anxiety: scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Baghaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2021.046169","article-title":"Virtual reality for the treatment of anxiety disorders: a scoping review","volume":"75","author":"Donnelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2023.110755","article-title":"Association between depressive symptoms and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among US adults","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.10.015","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptom trajectories in coronary heart disease: associations with measures of disability and impact on 3-year health care costs","volume":"104","author":"Palacios","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15743","article-title":"Effectiveness of virtual reality in reducing preoperative anxiety in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003695","article-title":"Altered frontolimbic activity during virtual reality-based contextual fear learning in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"53","author":"Siehl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4050","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants","volume":"22","author":"Duman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175743","article-title":"Cortical mechanisms underlying immersive interactive virtual walking treatment for amelioration of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: findings from a preliminary investigation of thalamic inhibitory function","volume":"12","author":"Gustin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01053-w","article-title":"Reciprocal control of obesity and anxiety-depressive disorder via a GABA and serotonin neural circuit","volume":"26","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164418822112","article-title":"Predicting the effect of a predictor when controlling for baseline","volume":"79","author":"Sorjonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.95.3.837","article-title":"A Monte-Carlo estimation of effect size distortion due to significance testing","volume":"95","author":"Bradley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637221109108","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of virtual reality game compared to clinic based McKenzie extension therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain","volume":"16","author":"Fatoye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102762","article-title":"Applications and advances of immersive technology in cardiology","volume":"49","author":"Keramati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101","article-title":"Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis","volume":"323","author":"Sterne","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999324013625?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999324013625?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T13:21:34Z","timestamp":1762089694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999324013625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999324013625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of Virtual Reality-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mental Health and Cardiopulmonary Function of Individuals With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}