{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:23:12Z","timestamp":1783520592848,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"US Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007188","name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:19:19Z","timestamp":1761056359000},"page":"945-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perineuromal Botulinum Toxin Injection for War-Related Postamputation Pain: A Pragmatic, Multicenter, Comparative Effectiveness Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Nadiya","family":"Segin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Smolynets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Matolinets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Pasquina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61643-3","article-title":"Doomed to go in company with miserable pain\": surgical recognition and treatment of amputation-related pain on the Western Front during World War 1","volume":"384","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003094","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence of postamputation and chronic neuropathic pain associated with combat injury in military personnel","volume":"165","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0003","unstructured":"Dmytriiev D, Liu W, Barsa M, Khomenko A, Pasquina PF, Cohen SP. Hydrodissection for acute postamputation pain? An observational study in a time of war. Reg Anesth Pain Med; in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001323","article-title":"Targeted muscle reinnervation improves residual limb pain, phantom limb pain, and limb function: a prospective study of 33 major limb amputees","volume":"478","author":"Mioton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002202","article-title":"Prevalence of residual limb pain and symptomatic neuromas after lower extremity amputation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"List","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004881","article-title":"Pain in the context of sensory deafferentation","volume":"140","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2021.077","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A ameliorates neuroinflammation in the MPTP and 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease models","volume":"30","author":"Ham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090260","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for the treatment of neuropathic pain","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0009","article-title":"Effectiveness of botulinum toxin in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Dekhne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24605","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"79","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21998","article-title":"Myoclonus of peripheral origin: two case reports","volume":"24","author":"Tyvaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182264fe9","article-title":"A prospective randomized double-blinded pilot study to examine the effect of botulinum toxin type A injection versus lidocaine\/depomedrol injection on residual and phantom limb pain: initial report","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.12.027","article-title":"Residual limb hyperhidrosis and rimabotulinumtoxin B: A randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"97","author":"Pasquina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-8-201204170-00397","article-title":"Epidural steroids, etanercept, or saline in subacute sciatica: a multicenter randomized trial","volume":"156","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.01.009","article-title":"The contribution of sympathetic mechanisms to postamputation phantom and residual limb pain: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.01.149","article-title":"A sequenced strategy for improving outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis pain (SKOAP): study protocol for an effectiveness trial","volume":"25","author":"Holena","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010036","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy of botulinum toxin A for neuropathic pain","volume":"14","author":"Datta Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004093","article-title":"Prolonging sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome: is botulinum toxin the answer?","volume":"136","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.36076\/pmcr.2023.7.261","article-title":"Perineural botulinum toxin injection for cancer-related pain: case report of two patients","volume":"7","author":"Bohren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2019.1626228","article-title":"Perineural injection of botulinum toxin-A in painful peripheral nerve injury - a case series: pain relief, safety, sensory profile and sample size recommendation","volume":"35","author":"Meyer-Frie\u00dfem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X91000156","article-title":"A comparative study of diazepam and acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis pain: a placebo controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2024-001143","article-title":"Factors predicting outcomes from chronic pain management interventions","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.20436","article-title":"Managing rebound pain after regional anesthesia","volume":"73","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Leyva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-10995-2","article-title":"Time to onset and duration of botulinum toxin efficacy in movement disorders","volume":"269","author":"Ledda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S156851","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion","volume":"30","author":"Samizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-2-40","article-title":"A comparative assessment of three formulations of botulinum toxin A for facial rhytides: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"2","author":"Bonaparte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e748","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002468","article-title":"Greater baseline pain inclusion criteria in clinical trials increase regression to the mean effect: a modelling study","volume":"163","author":"Kamerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002930","article-title":"What should be the entry pain intensity criteria for chronic pain clinical trials? An IMMPACT update","volume":"164","author":"Langford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105817","article-title":"Postamputation pain: a multidisciplinary review of epidemiology, mechanisms, prevention, and treatment","volume":"50","author":"Doshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1907805","article-title":"Placebo and nocebo effects","volume":"382","author":"Colloca","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1720-7","article-title":"The magnitude and temporal changes of response in the placebo arm of surgical randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wartolowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001536","article-title":"The role of afferent input in postamputation pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"160","author":"Buch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090306","article-title":"Individual expectation: an overlooked, but pertinent, factor in the treatment of individuals experiencing musculoskeletal pain","volume":"90","author":"Bialosky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999325009657?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999325009657?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T13:59:40Z","timestamp":1783519180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999325009657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003999325009657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Perineuromal Botulinum Toxin Injection for War-Related Postamputation Pain: A Pragmatic, Multicenter, Comparative Effectiveness Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.09.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}