{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:15:23Z","timestamp":1788344123599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T23:02:25Z","timestamp":1776726145000},"page":"2408-2417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Musculo-Tendinous Changes in Spastic Plantar-Flexor Muscles After Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsutoshi","family":"Yaeshima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Ichiroh","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimitaka","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3194-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noritaka","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002","article-title":"From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury","volume":"114","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90204-6","article-title":"Incomplete spinal cord injury: neuronal mechanisms of motor recovery and hyperreflexia","volume":"80","author":"Little","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.08.122","article-title":"Enhanced stretch reflex excitability of the soleus muscle in persons with incomplete rather than complete chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"87","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102087","article-title":"Spasticity may defend skeletal muscle size and composition after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Gorgey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.08.010","article-title":"Three-dimensional realisation of muscle morphology and architecture using ultrasound","volume":"20","author":"Fry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.11.004","article-title":"Changes in passive mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle at the muscle fascicle and joint levels in stroke survivors","volume":"90","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90930.2008","article-title":"Altered contractile properties of the gastrocnemius muscle poststroke","volume":"105","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.02.009","article-title":"Passive mechanical properties of gastrocnemius muscles of people with ankle contracture after stroke","volume":"93","author":"Kwah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2007.03.004","article-title":"Differences in gastrocnemius muscle architecture between the paretic and non-paretic legs in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"22","author":"Mohagheghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03686.x","article-title":"Gross muscle morphology and structure in spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.01.002","article-title":"Muscle and fascicle excursion in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"29","author":"Matthiasdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00226.2014","article-title":"Concurrent deficits of soleus and gastrocnemius muscle fascicles and Achilles tendon post stroke","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.07.018","article-title":"Medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle active torque-length and Achilles tendon properties in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"45","author":"Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0014","article-title":"Differences in plantar flexor fascicle length and pennation angle between healthy and poststroke individuals and implications for poststroke plantar flexor force contributions","volume":"2014","author":"Ramsay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0015","article-title":"Poststroke muscle architectural parameters of the tibialis anterior and the potential implications for rehabilitation of foot drop","volume":"2014","author":"Ramsay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.03913.x","article-title":"Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume and fascicle length in children aged 2 to 5 years with cerebral palsy","volume":"53","author":"Barber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00779.x","article-title":"Architecture of the medial gastrocnemius in children with spastic diplegia","volume":"44","author":"Shortland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.02.009","article-title":"The morphology of the medial gastrocnemius in typically developing children and children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"17","author":"Malaiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20441","article-title":"Adaptive response of human tendon to paralysis","volume":"33","author":"Maganaris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23356","article-title":"Passive mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius after spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Diong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318274605a","article-title":"Gastrocnemius muscle contracture after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study","volume":"92","author":"Diong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.9","article-title":"Mechanical and neural changes in plantar-flexor muscles after spinal cord injury in humans","volume":"53","author":"Yaeshima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0023","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics; 2009 Jun 23-26; Kyoto, Japan","first-page":"349","article-title":"Novel home-based rehabilitation device to prevent secondary diseases for patients with spinal cord injury","author":"Kawashima","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.140434","article-title":"The acute effect of stretching on the passive stiffness of the human gastrocnemius muscle tendon unit","volume":"586","author":"Morse","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390903307834","article-title":"Changes in ankle joint stiffness due to stretching: the role of tendon elongation of the gastrocnemius muscle","volume":"10","author":"Kato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01329.x","article-title":"Viscoelasticity of the muscle-tendon unit is returned more rapidly than range of motion after stretching","volume":"23","author":"Mizuno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0027","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Biomechanics","first-page":"405","article-title":"Prediction of gastrocnemius length from knee and ankle joint posture","author":"Grieve","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0028","series-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","first-page":"386","author":"Winter","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2256-x","article-title":"Effects of plyometric training on passive stiffness of gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon","volume":"112","author":"Four\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01313.2011","article-title":"Effects of eccentric training on mechanical properties of the plantar flexor muscle-tendon complex","volume":"114","author":"Four\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.03.005","article-title":"Acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness of the hamstring muscles calculated using different mathematical models","volume":"21","author":"Nordez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400510","article-title":"Biomechanical responses to repeated stretches in human hamstring muscle in vivo","volume":"24","author":"Magnusson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-971923","article-title":"A biomechanical evaluation of cyclic and static stretch in human skeletal muscle","volume":"19","author":"Magnusson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00171.x","article-title":"Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers. A review","volume":"8","author":"Magnusson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0035","first-page":"369","article-title":"The effects of sex, joint angle, and the gastrocnemius muscle on passive ankle joint complex stiffness","volume":"36","author":"Riemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2108","article-title":"Cerebellar subjects show impaired adaptation of anticipatory EMG during catching","volume":"82","author":"Lang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.10.044","article-title":"Generalization of improved step length symmetry from treadmill to overground walking in persons with stroke and hemiparesis","volume":"125","author":"Savin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0038","first-page":"859","article-title":"An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters","volume":"151","author":"Marquardt","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Soc Ind Appl Math"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00303.x","article-title":"Obstacle avoidance during human walking: learning rate and cross-modal transfer","volume":"534","author":"Erni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(86)90041-5","article-title":"Long-term effects of spinal cord transection on fast and slow rat skeletal muscle. I. Contractile properties","volume":"91","author":"Lieber","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050606","article-title":"Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury","volume":"80","author":"Castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/jes.0b013e3180a030ec","article-title":"Plasticity of the muscle-tendon complex with disuse and aging","volume":"35","author":"Narici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2008.01842.x","article-title":"Early structural adaptations to unloading in the human calf muscles","volume":"193","author":"Seynnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0044","first-page":"53","article-title":"Changes in muscle size and architecture following 20 days of bed rest","volume":"7","author":"Kawakami","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gravit Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.012756","article-title":"Change in length of relaxed muscle fascicles and tendons with knee and ankle movement in humans","volume":"539","author":"Herbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90577.2008","article-title":"The relative lengthening of the myotendinous structures in the medial gastrocnemius during passive stretching differs among individuals","volume":"106","author":"Abellaneda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434110-00003","article-title":"Exercise recommendations for individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Jacobs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0048","first-page":"317","article-title":"Role of fascia in maintenance of muscle tension and pressure","volume":"51","author":"Garfin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01305.2004","article-title":"Muscle performance during maximal isometric and dynamic contractions is influenced by the stiffness of the tendinous structures","volume":"99","author":"Bojsen-M\u00f8ller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90083-2","article-title":"Contribution of passive stiffness to ankle plantarflexor moment during gait after stroke","volume":"81","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800314","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units. The biomechanical effects of stretching","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200103000-00003","article-title":"Stretching at the ankle joint: viscoelastic responses to holds and continuous passive motion","volume":"33","author":"McNair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000399932600674X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000399932600674X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:29:48Z","timestamp":1788341388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000399932600674X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S000399932600674X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Musculo-Tendinous Changes in Spastic Plantar-Flexor Muscles After Spinal Cord Injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.04.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}