{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:48:33Z","timestamp":1791607713643,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1786517909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinically Interpretable Prediction Models of Stroke Functional Outcomes: A National Cohort Study of Adults in Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison M.","family":"Cogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingyi","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongze","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolee J.","family":"Winstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Schweighofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0001","article-title":"Association of rate of functional recovery with therapy time and content among adults with acquired brain injuries in inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"6","author":"Cogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.8","article-title":"Thirty-day hospital readmission following discharge from postacute rehabilitation in fee-for-service Medicare patients","volume":"311","author":"Ottenbacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.01.154","article-title":"Precision rehabilitation: optimizing function, adding value to health care","volume":"103","author":"French","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0004","series-title":"Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility\u2013Patient Assessment Instrument quality indicators. Version 4.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0005","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Inpatient rehabilitation care. Medicare.gov. Available at: https:\/\/www.medicare.gov\/coverage\/inpatient-rehabilitation-care. Accessed June 8, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0006","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Inpatient rehabilitation facility review choice demonstration review guidelines. Available at: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/files\/document\/irf-rcd-review-guidelines.pdf. Accessed June 8, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0007","series-title":"Medicare benefit policy manual. CMS Publication 100-02","article-title":"Inpatient hospital services covered under Part A","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026676118","article-title":"Critical Period After Stroke Study (CPASS): a phase II clinical trial testing an optimal time for motor recovery after stroke in humans","volume":"118","author":"Dromerick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221143461","article-title":"Interpreting the CPASS trial: do not shift motor therapy to the subacute phase","volume":"37","author":"Edwardson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biomed3010001","article-title":"Machine learning techniques for the prediction of functional outcomes in the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients: a scoping review","volume":"3","author":"Kokkotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00704-3","article-title":"Inpatient stroke rehabilitation: prediction of clinical outcomes using a machine-learning approach","volume":"17","author":"Harari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01075-7","article-title":"Cross-validation of predictive models for functional recovery after post-stroke rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Campagnini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0013","article-title":"Deep learning-based Functional Independence Measure score prediction after stroke in Kaifukuki (convalescent) rehabilitation ward annexed to acute care hospital","volume":"13","author":"Katsuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105856","article-title":"Prediction of motor function in stroke patients using machine learning algorithm: development of practical models","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.021","article-title":"Predicting motor and cognitive improvement through machine learning algorithm in human subjects who underwent a rehabilitation treatment in the early stage of stroke","volume":"27","author":"Sale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m441","article-title":"Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model","volume":"368","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2281","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2281","article-title":"Risk of bias in studies on prediction models developed using supervised machine learning techniques: systematic review","volume":"375","author":"Andaur Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3265","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13898","article-title":"Identifying barriers and facilitators of translating research evidence into clinical practice: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"30","author":"Abu-Odah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0019","article-title":"A systematic review of the barriers, enablers and strategies to embedding translational research within the public hospital system focusing on nursing and allied health professions","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.488","article-title":"PREP2: a biomarker-based algorithm for predicting upper limb function after stroke","volume":"4","author":"Stinear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0021","article-title":"Machine learning prediction of hospital patient need for post-acute care using an admission mobility measure is robust across patient diagnoses","volume":"12","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5870","article-title":"Guidelines for developing and reporting machine learning predictive models in biomedical research: a multidisciplinary view","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0023","series-title":"Inpatient rehabilitation facilities payment system","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.02.009","article-title":"Change in self-care quality measure for inpatient rehabilitation facilities: exclusion criteria and risk-adjustment model","volume":"103","author":"Deutsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.03.001","article-title":"Change in mobility quality measure for inpatient rehabilitation facilities: exclusion criteria and the risk adjustment model","volume":"103","author":"Vaughan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.01.147","article-title":"Inpatient rehabilitation facility patients\u2019 functional abilities and validity testing of the standardized self-care and mobility data elements","volume":"103","author":"Deutsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.03.015","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the inpatient rehabilitation facility discharge mobility and self-care quality measures","volume":"24","author":"Deutsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.12.031","article-title":"Inpatient rehabilitation facility change in self-care and change in mobility quality measures: development and reliability and validity testing","volume":"103","author":"Deutsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s41664-018-0068-2","article-title":"On splitting training and validation set: a comparative study of cross-validation, bootstrap and systematic sampling for estimating the generalization performance of supervised learning","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anal Test"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0030","volume":"Vol. 2","author":"Hastie","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0032","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (NIPS2017)","first-page":"4765","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300447","article-title":"Exploration and demonstration of explainable machine learning models in prosthetic rehabilitation-based gait analysis","volume":"19","author":"Aghababa","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1399374","article-title":"Seizure prediction in stroke survivors who experienced an infection at skilled nursing facilities: a machine learning approach","volume":"15","author":"Stanik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90944-x","article-title":"Machine learning-based prediction of 90-day prognosis and in-hospital mortality in hemorrhagic stroke patients","volume":"15","author":"Abujaber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/15791","article-title":"Improving clinical translation of machine learning approaches through clinician-tailored visual displays of black box algorithms: development and validation","volume":"8","author":"Wongvibulsin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2189317","article-title":"Subacute stroke: new-onset poststroke bladder and bowel dysfunctions and possible associated factors","volume":"46","author":"Evangelista","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cont.2023.101067","article-title":"Incidences of and risk factors for new-onset urinary and fecal incontinence after acute stroke","volume":"9","author":"Cruz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Continence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017096","article-title":"Inpatient rehabilitation facilities: the 3-hour rule","volume":"98","author":"Forrest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.041098","article-title":"Rehabilitation therapy doses are low after stroke and predicted by clinical factors","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2018.721002","article-title":"Justifying rehabilitation intensity through functional performance measures in postacute care","volume":"72","author":"Kroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.11.008","article-title":"Measuring value in postacute care","volume":"100","author":"Butzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.06.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of intensive rehabilitation therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: a propensity score analysis based on Japan Rehabilitation Database","volume":"28","author":"Kamo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018075","article-title":"Assessment model to identify patients with stroke with a high possibility of discharge to home: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Itaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30802-X","article-title":"Practice patterns and outcomes after stroke across countries at different economic levels (INTERSTROKE): an international observational study","volume":"391","author":"Langhorne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.05.005","article-title":"Person-centered rehabilitation model: framing the concept and practice of person-centered adult physical rehabilitation based on a scoping review and thematic analysis of the literature","volume":"103","author":"Jesus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999326008786?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999326008786?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:53:29Z","timestamp":1791604409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999326008786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0003999326008786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinically Interpretable Prediction Models of Stroke Functional Outcomes: A National Cohort Study of Adults in Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities in the United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}