{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T05:40:13Z","timestamp":1785562813263,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["165630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["165630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appetite"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:36:29Z","timestamp":1566992189000},"page":"104420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cross-cultural validation of the short version of the Food Disgust Scale in ten countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Aisha","family":"Egolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Siegrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanine","family":"Ammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Pacheco-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Etale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.11.016","article-title":"Exposed intestines and contaminated cooks: Sex, stress, & satiation predict disgust sensitivity","volume":"54","author":"Al-Shawaf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.10.029","article-title":"Mating strategy, disgust, and food neophobia","volume":"85","author":"Al-Shawaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917709940","article-title":"Sex differences in disgust: Why are women more easily disgusted than men","volume":"10","author":"Al-Shawaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2019.103756","article-title":"Cross-national comparison of the food disgust picture scale between Switzerland and China using confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"79","author":"Ammann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Quality and Preference"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.02.020","article-title":"Development and validation of the food disgust picture scale","volume":"125","author":"Ammann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2017.12.013","article-title":"Does food disgust sensitivity influence eating behaviour? Experimental validation of the food disgust scale","volume":"68","author":"Ammann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Quality and Preference"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.02.036","article-title":"A bitter taste in the mouth: The role of 6-n-propylthiouracil taster status and sex in food disgust sensitivity","volume":"204","author":"Ammann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.03.023","article-title":"The influence of disgust sensitivity on self-reported food hygiene behaviour","volume":"102","author":"Ammann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058254","article-title":"Disgust and related aversions","volume":"36","author":"Angyal","year":"1941","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021453","article-title":"Standard back-translation procedures may not capture proper emotion concepts: A case study of Chinese disgust terms","volume":"10","author":"Barger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030160303","article-title":"Critical comments on applying covariance structure modeling","volume":"16","author":"Brannick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scoms.2016.03.003","article-title":"Measurement invariance in comparative Internet use research","volume":"16","author":"B\u00fcchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studies in Communication Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446402400101","article-title":"The importance of factor-trueness and validity, versus homogeneity and orthogonality","volume":"24","author":"Cattel","year":"1964","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit Indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5967.2009.00237.x","article-title":"Common edible insects and their utilization in China","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Entomological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11577-019-00598-7","article-title":"How to obtain comparable measures for cross-national comparison","volume":"71","author":"Cieciuch","year":"2019","journal-title":"KZfSS K\u00f6lner Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib18","series-title":"Statistical power analysis for behavioral science","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib19","series-title":"Food and gender. Identity and power","author":"Counihan","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1802_2","article-title":"Cross-validation of covariance structures","volume":"18","author":"Cudeck","year":"1983","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.08.006","article-title":"Infection-avoidance behaviour in humans and other animals","volume":"35","author":"Curtis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0144","article-title":"Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease","volume":"271","author":"Curtis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2001.0001","article-title":"Dirt, disgust, and disease. Is hygiene in our genes?","volume":"44","author":"Curtis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perspectives in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0117","article-title":"Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour","volume":"366","author":"Curtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib25","series-title":"The expression of the emotions in man and animals","author":"Darwin","year":"1872"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.001","article-title":"Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument","volume":"47","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13279","article-title":"When evolution works against the future: Disgust's contributions to the acceptance of new food technologies","volume":"39","author":"Egolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.04.014","article-title":"How people's food disgust sensitivity shapes their eating and food behaviour","volume":"127","author":"Egolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib31","series-title":"Food microbiology: Principles into practice","author":"Erkmen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(03)00054-0","article-title":"Domain-specific variation in disgust sensitivity across the menstrual cycle","volume":"24","author":"Fessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib33","series-title":"Evolutionary perspectives on human sexual psychology and behaviour","first-page":"277","article-title":"Women's disgust adaptations","author":"Fleischman","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib34","series-title":"Understanding consumers of food products","author":"Frewer","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.7.799","article-title":"Electrogastrographic study of gastric myoelectrical activity in patients with unexplained nausea and vomiting","volume":"27","author":"Geldof","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02048.x","article-title":"Collective symbolic coping with disease threat and othering: A case study of avian influenza","volume":"52","author":"Gilles","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000245454.12228.8f","article-title":"Do self-report instruments allow meaningful comparisons across diverse population groups? Testing measurement invariance using the confirmatory factor analysis framework","volume":"44","author":"Gregorich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-009-9062-8","article-title":"A bioeconomic approach to marriage and the sexual division of labor","volume":"20","author":"Gurven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90212-7","article-title":"Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling 7 domains of disgust elicitors","volume":"16","author":"Haidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/097133369700900105","article-title":"Body, psyche, and culture: The relationship between disgust and morality","volume":"9","author":"Haidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychology & Developing Societies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2013.01.016","article-title":"Importance of cooking skills for balanced food choices","volume":"65","author":"Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2015.04.013","article-title":"The psychology of eating insects: A cross-cultural comparison between Germany and China","volume":"44","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Quality and Preference"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2017.07.013","article-title":"Development and validation of the food disgust scale","volume":"63","author":"Hartmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Quality and Preference"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.040","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting","volume":"125","author":"Hasler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib45","series-title":"Food poisoning and food hygiene","author":"Hobbs","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib46","first-page":"53","article-title":"Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.09.015","article-title":"Why is the neurobiology of nausea and vomiting so important?","volume":"50","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.01.018","article-title":"A delicious fly in the soup. The relationship between disgust, obesity, and restraint","volume":"58","author":"Houben","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib50","series-title":"Handbook of research methods in personality psychology","first-page":"461","article-title":"The importance of being valid: Reliability and the process of construct validation","author":"John","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.03.001","article-title":"Adult picky eating. Phenomenology, taste sensitivity, and psychological correlates","volume":"90","author":"Kauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib52","series-title":"A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design","author":"Kline","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.111.3.490","article-title":"Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance","volume":"111","author":"MacCallum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000113","article-title":"What to do when scalar invariance fails: The extended alignment method for multi-group factor analysis comparison of latent means across many groups","volume":"23","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2005.08.002","article-title":"Human food choices: An examination of the factors underlying acceptance\/rejection of novel and familiar animal and nonanimal foods","volume":"45","author":"Martins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.64","article-title":"Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses","volume":"7","author":"McDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.09.014","article-title":"Bradygastric activity of the stomach predicts disgust sensitivity and perceived disgust intensity","volume":"86","author":"Meissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000437","article-title":"The theoretical versus the lay meaning of disgust: Implications for emotion research","volume":"16","author":"Nabi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib59","series-title":"Psychometric theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022108328918","article-title":"Confirming the three-factor structure of the Disgust Scale \u2014 revised in eight countries","volume":"40","author":"Olatunji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2005.24.7.932","article-title":"Disgust: Characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications","volume":"24","author":"Olatunji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00102-5","article-title":"Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fear","volume":"42","author":"Olatunji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.281","article-title":"The Disgust Scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement","volume":"19","author":"Olatunji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(92)90014-W","article-title":"Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans","volume":"19","author":"Pliner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20516","article-title":"AGA technical review on nausea and vomiting","volume":"120","author":"Quigley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-4046(06)60209-1","article-title":"The meaning of food in our lives: A cross-cultural perspective on eating and well-being","volume":"37","author":"Rozin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500001534","article-title":"Hedonic \u201cadaptation\u201d: Specific habituation to disgust\/death elicitors as a result of dissecting a cadaver","volume":"3","author":"Rozin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Judgement and Decision Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.23","article-title":"A perspective on disgust","volume":"94","author":"Rozin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib69","series-title":"Handbook of emotion","first-page":"757","article-title":"Disgust","author":"Rozin","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1995.1019","article-title":"The borders of the self: Contamination sensitivity and potency of the mouth, other apertures and body parts","volume":"29","author":"Rozin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.3.426","article-title":"Culture and the categorization of emotions","volume":"110","author":"Russel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413498257","article-title":"Assessing the hypothesis of measurement invariance in the context of large-scale international surveys","volume":"74","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615621275","article-title":"Evidence for absolute moral opposition to genetically modified food in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.7.818","article-title":"Foodborne infections during pregnancy","volume":"62","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.1995.tb00126.x","article-title":"The epidemiology and costs of diseases of public health significance, in relation to meat and meat products","volume":"15","author":"Sockett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Food Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1086\/209528","article-title":"Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research","volume":"25","author":"Steenkamp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-018-0347-9","article-title":"Who's cooking? Trends in US home food preparation by gender, education, and race\/ethnicity from 2003 to 2016","volume":"17","author":"Taillie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/2153599X.2012.695514","article-title":"Religious conservatism: An evolutionarily evoked disease-avoidance strategy","volume":"2","author":"Terrizzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Religion, Brain & Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.08.008","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility","volume":"216","author":"Tsevat","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170204","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0204","article-title":"Why do people vary in disgust?","volume":"373","author":"Tybur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015474","article-title":"Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust","volume":"97","author":"Tybur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030778","article-title":"Disgust: Evolved function and structure","volume":"120","author":"Tybur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032121","article-title":"Reversed item bias: An integrative model","volume":"18","author":"Weijters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib84","series-title":"Secondary data analysis: An introduction for psychologists","article-title":"On creating and using short forms of scales in secondary research","author":"Widaman","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1986.88.3.02a00030","article-title":"Human emotions: Universal or culture-specific?","volume":"88","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Anthropologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2007.06.002","article-title":"Consumption and corpulence in China. A consumer segmentation study based on the food perspective","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Policy"}],"container-title":["Appetite"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195666319307433?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195666319307433?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:39:34Z","timestamp":1778675974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195666319307433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0195666319307433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cross-cultural validation of the short version of the Food Disgust Scale in ten countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Appetite","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104420","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104420"}}