{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:52:23Z","timestamp":1785797543760,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appetite"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T10:06:57Z","timestamp":1611655617000},"page":"105136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Why people follow a gluten-free diet? An application of health behaviour models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Vilma","family":"Xhakollari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Canavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(199906)29:4<419::AID-EJSP933>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Differential effects of mood on information processing: Evidence from the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour","volume":"29","author":"Armitage","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib3","author":"Associazione Italiana Celiachia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib4","author":"Associazione Italiana Celiachia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.37.2.122","article-title":"Self-Efficacy mechanism in human agency","volume":"37","author":"Bandura","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib6","first-page":"241","article-title":"Quality of life in coeliac disease is determined by perceived degree of difficulty adhering to a gluten-free diet, not the level of dietary adherence ultimately achieved","volume":"20","author":"Barratt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib7","first-page":"391","article-title":"Factors influencing the type, timing and severity of symptomatic responses to dietary gluten in patients with biopsy-proven coeliac disease","volume":"22","author":"Barratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509301579","article-title":"A gluten-free diet score to evaluate dietary compliance in patients with coeliac disease","volume":"102","author":"Biagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib9","series-title":"Gluten-free cereal products and beverages","first-page":"393","article-title":"17 \u2013 the marketing of gluten-free cereal products","author":"Bogue","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib10","first-page":"447","article-title":"Impact of gluten-free diet on quality of life in celiac patients. TL - 79","volume":"79","author":"Borghini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587217715927","article-title":"The efficacy of yoga as a form of treatment for depression","volume":"22","author":"Bridges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib12","first-page":"19","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health disparities in a national sample of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white U.S. college students","volume":"7","author":"Buhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice"},{"issue":"60","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib13","article-title":"The quality of life scale (QOLS): Reliability, validity, and utilization why assess quality of life in chronic illness?","volume":"1","author":"Burckhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.04.021","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Dietary adherence influences normalization of health-related quality of life in coeliac disease","volume":"36","author":"Burger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22821","article-title":"Neurological symptoms in patients with biopsy proven celiac disease","volume":"24","author":"B\u00fcrk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib16","first-page":"196","article-title":"Benefit on health-related quality of life of adherence to gluten-free diet in adult patients with celiac disease","volume":"107","author":"Casellas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Enfermedades Digestivas"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.46","article-title":"Factors that impact health-related quality of life in adults with celiac disease: A multicenter study","volume":"14","author":"Casellas","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032015000300003","article-title":"Quality of life evaluation in celiac patients from southern Brazil","volume":"52","author":"Castilhos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arquivos de Gastroenterologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111268","article-title":"The overlapping area of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and wheat-sensitive irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): An update","volume":"9","author":"Catassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000450393.23156.59","article-title":"The new epidemiology of celiac disease","volume":"59","author":"Catassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6062305","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and body mass index in a large sample of middle-aged australian men and women","volume":"6","author":"Charlton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510500181459","article-title":"Managing social norms for persuasive impact","volume":"1","author":"Cialdini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Influence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.6.1015","article-title":"A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places","volume":"58","author":"Cialdini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/day017","article-title":"June 1). Using social norms theory for health promotion in low-income countries","volume":"34","author":"Cislaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896917739330","article-title":"Evaluating the determinants of sugary beverage consumption among overweight and obese adults: An application of the integrative model of behavioural prediction","volume":"77","author":"Collado-Rivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Education Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401311666150619173002","article-title":"The role of taste and label information on purchase Decision\u00a0: Assessment of a gluten - free wafer by non - celiac consumers","volume":"11","author":"De-Magistris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Nutrition & Food Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110003964","article-title":"Nutrition communication: Consumer perceptions and predicting intentions","volume":"70","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Body-cult television advertisement recall among young women suffering from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa","volume":"29","author":"Del Moral-Ag\u00fandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saude e Sociedade"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent strategies for tackling the problems in gluten-free diet and products","author":"Demirkesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12321","article-title":"Prediction of adherence to a gluten-free diet using protection motivation theory among adults with coeliac disease","volume":"29","author":"Dowd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31816a8c9b","article-title":"Psychological correlates of gluten-free diet adherence in adults with celiac disease","volume":"43","author":"Edwards George","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533611405538","article-title":"Gluten-free diet in nonceliac disease","volume":"26","author":"El-Chammas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition in Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2015.0039","article-title":"Difficulties related to compliance with gluten-free diet by patients with coeliac disease living in Upper Silesia","volume":"11","author":"Ferster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X08326092","article-title":"A reasoned action approach to health promotion","volume":"28","author":"Fishbein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Decision Making: An International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8287.2012.02069.x","article-title":"Psychosocial aspects of coeliac disease: A cross-sectional survey of a UK population","volume":"17","author":"Ford","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.06.009","article-title":"Gluten-free diet: Imprudent dietary advice for the general population?","volume":"112","author":"Gaesser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.02.016","article-title":"The many faces of celiac disease: Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the adult population","volume":"128","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"357","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/cche.10313","article-title":"Nutritional quality of gluten-free products in Moroccan supermarkets and e-commerce platforms","volume":"97","author":"Guennouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03820.x","article-title":"November 1). Systematic review: The evidence base for long-term management of coeliac disease","volume":"28","author":"Haines","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04053.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease","volume":"30","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-015-0603-3","article-title":"Perception and evaluation of women's bodies in adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa","volume":"265","author":"Horndasch","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4583-1","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk in gluten-free followers without celiac disease in the United States: Results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2009\u20132014","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.12.032","article-title":"A simple validated gluten-free diet adherence survey for adults with celiac disease","volume":"7","author":"Leffler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0055-3","article-title":"Factors that influence adherence to a gluten-free diet in adults with celiac disease","volume":"53","author":"Leffler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.05.002","article-title":"New therapeutic strategies for celiac disease","volume":"9","author":"Lerner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05663-x","article-title":"Going against the grains: Gluten-free diets in patients without celiac disease\u2014worthwhile or not?","volume":"64","author":"Lerner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000699","article-title":"No effects of a short-term gluten-free diet on performance in nonceliac athletes","volume":"47","author":"Lis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2013-0247","article-title":"Exploring the popularity, experiences, and beliefs surrounding gluten-free diets in nonceliac athletes","volume":"25","author":"Lis","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3280\/ECAG2015-001006","article-title":"The effect of sensory properties on non-celiac consumers' willingness to pay for a gluten-free snack","author":"de Magistris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Economia Agro-Alimentare"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quality of life in screen-detected celiac disease patients in the United States","volume":"50","author":"Mahadev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051585","article-title":"Is dietitian use associated with celiac disease outcomes?","volume":"5","author":"Mahadev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.09.030","article-title":"Is there evidence to support the claim that a gluten-free diet should be used for weight loss?","volume":"111","author":"Marcason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1337","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1337","article-title":"Gluten-free food database: The nutritional quality and cost of packaged gluten-free foods","volume":"3","author":"Missbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2010.496704","article-title":"What is normative in health communication research on norms? A review and recommendations for future scholarship","volume":"25","author":"Mollen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070705","article-title":"Adherence to a gluten free diet is associated with receiving gluten free foods on prescription and understanding food labelling","volume":"9","author":"Muhammad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-017-0597-2","article-title":"Going gluten free: The history and nutritional implications of today's most popular diet","volume":"19","author":"Newberry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Gastroenterology Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib60","series-title":"We are what we eat: Healthy eating trends around the world. (January)","first-page":"1","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib61","first-page":"82","article-title":"Health benefits and adverse effects of a gluten-free diet in non-celiac disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Niland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-75","article-title":"Predictors of persistent symptoms and reduced quality of life in treated coeliac disease patients: A large cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Paarlahti","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7101","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of gluten-free products","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12730","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Gluten may cause depression in subjects with non-coeliac gluten sensitivity - an exploratory clinical study","volume":"39","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112854","article-title":"Distressed or not distressed? A mixed methods examination of reactions to weight stigma and implications for emotional wellbeing and internalized weight bias","volume":"249","author":"Pudney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib66","first-page":"11","article-title":"An tntroduction to dplR","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Industrial & Commercial Training"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-015-0607-y","article-title":"Adherence to gluten-free diet and barriers to adherence in patients with celiac disease","volume":"34","author":"Rajpoot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib68","series-title":"Gluten free celebrities | famous people who don't eat wheat","author":"Ranker","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2013.835215","article-title":"Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to identify promising message strategies to promote healthy sleep behavior among college students","volume":"30","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1590\/S0080-623420160000100009","article-title":"The psychosocial impacts caused by diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease","volume":"50","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803","article-title":"A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1","volume":"91","author":"Rogers","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12062","article-title":"Living with coeliac disease: A grounded theory study","volume":"27","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib73","first-page":"101","article-title":"The value of a biopsy in celiac disease follow up: Assessment of the small bowel after 6 and 24 months treatment with a gluten free diet","volume":"112","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Enfermedades Digestivas: Organo Oficial de La Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.10.017","article-title":"The relationship between gluten free diet adherence and depressive symptoms in adults with coeliac disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.01.026","article-title":"Measuring beliefs about gluten free diet adherence in adult coeliac disease using the theory of planned behaviour","volume":"56","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.11.001","article-title":"Gluten free diet adherence in coeliac disease. The role of psychological symptoms in bridging the intention-behaviour gap","volume":"61","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2013.05.011","article-title":"Reduced quality of life in coeliac disease is more strongly associated with depression than gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"75","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-014-9416-4","article-title":"Dissemination of an online theory-based intervention to improve gluten-free diet adherence in coeliac disease: The relationship between acceptability, effectiveness, and attrition","volume":"22","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2015.1022548","article-title":"Predicting intention and behaviour following participation in a theory-based intervention to improve gluten free diet adherence in coeliac disease","volume":"30","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12755","article-title":"Challenges in gluten-free diet in coeliac disease: Prague consensus","volume":"47","author":"Samasca","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.07.038","article-title":"The prevalence and predictors of disordered eating in women with coeliac disease","author":"Satherley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2015.07.008","article-title":"Gluten and wheat sensitivities - an overview","volume":"67","author":"Scherf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cereal Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.29","article-title":"Patient perception of treatment burden is high in celiac disease compared with other common conditions","volume":"109","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib84","author":"Sharma"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib85","first-page":"3048","article-title":"Applying multi-theory model of health behaviour change to address implicit biases in public health","volume":"44","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Sharma M Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2017.18","article-title":"Applyinganewtheorytosmokingcessation:caseofmulti- theorymodel(MTM)forhealthbehaviorchangeApplyinganewtheorytosmokingcessation:caseofmulti-theorymodel(MTM)forhealth behaviorchange","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Promotion Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15171\/hpp.2016.22","article-title":"Using multi-theory model to predict initiation and sustenance of small portion size consumption among college students","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Promotion Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib88","article-title":"Applying multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to predict water consumption instead of sugar-sweetened beverages","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Health Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12316","article-title":"Living gluten-free: Adherence, knowledge, lifestyle adaptations and feelings towards a gluten-free diet","volume":"29","author":"Silvester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.01.021","article-title":"Is it gluten-free? Relationship between self-reported gluten-free diet adherence and knowledge of gluten content of foods","volume":"32","author":"Silvester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","article-title":"Global prevalence of celiac disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12411","article-title":"Predicting sleep hygiene: A reasoned action approach","author":"Tagler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib93","author":"Tang"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70383-X","article-title":"Diagnosis of celiac sprue","volume":"115","author":"Trier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5050-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of celiac disease: Taking a bite out of the controversy","volume":"63","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.10.011","article-title":"Diet improves perception of health and well-being in symptomatic, but not asymptomatic, patients with celiac disease","volume":"9","author":"Ukkola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib97","first-page":"17","article-title":"Patients' experiences and perceptions of living with coeliac disease - implications for optimizing care","volume":"21","author":"Ukkola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases\u00a0: JGLD"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib98","first-page":"17","article-title":"Patients' experiences and perceptions of living with coeliac disease - implications for optimizing CareJournal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases","volume":"21","author":"Ukkola","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis March"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13319","article-title":"Factors governing long-term adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease","volume":"42","author":"Villafuerte-Galvez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002056","article-title":"Are gluten-free foods healthier than non-gluten-free foods? An evaluation of supermarket products in Australia","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3280\/ECAG2019-001003","article-title":"Celiac and non-celiac consumers' experiences when purchasing gluten-free products in Italy","volume":"21","author":"Xhakollari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Economia Agro-Alimentare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Celiac and non-celiac consumers' experiences when purchasing gluten-free products in Italy","volume":"21","author":"Xhakollari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Economia Agro-Alimentare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.12.005","article-title":"Factors affecting consumers' adherence to gluten-free diet, a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Xhakollari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Food Science & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614560786","article-title":"Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Zingone","year":"2014","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterology Journal"}],"container-title":["Appetite"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195666321000441?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195666321000441?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T02:22:50Z","timestamp":1759285370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195666321000441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["S0195666321000441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Why people follow a gluten-free diet? An application of health behaviour models","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Appetite","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105136","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105136"}}