{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:35:43Z","timestamp":1790112943759,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011408","name":"University of South Alabama","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appetite"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T02:57:36Z","timestamp":1765421856000},"page":"108419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Worry wart: A preregistered, experimental investigation of worry-induced emotional eating and associated psychological characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urvashi","family":"Dixit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley R.","family":"Barnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel R.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorin D.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma G.","family":"Folk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica M.","family":"Ahlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106476","article-title":"Characterizing emotional eating: Ecological momentary assessment with person-specific modeling","volume":"183","author":"Ahlich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102923","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of emotional eating among healthy young Saudi women during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Al-Musharaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00916-7","article-title":"A scoping review of emotion regulation and inhibition in emotional eating and binge-eating disorder: What about a continuum?","volume":"11","author":"Arexis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199507)18:1<79::AID-EAT2260180109>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"The emotional eating scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating","volume":"18","author":"Arnow","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.105038","article-title":"Emotion regulation difficulties interact with negative, not positive, emotional eating to strengthen relationships with disordered eating: An exploratory study","volume":"158","author":"Barnhart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107343","article-title":"The relation between questionnaire-measured self-reported emotional eating and disordered eating behaviors: A meta-analysis of nearly three decades of research","volume":"198","author":"Barnhart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.08.008","article-title":"The influence of worries on emotional eating, weight concerns, and body mass index in Latina female youth","volume":"48","author":"Belcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010130","article-title":"Emotional eating in relation to worries and psychological distress amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based survey on adults in Norway","volume":"18","author":"Bemanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22401","article-title":"Negative affect prior to and following overeating\u2010only, loss of control eating\u2010only, and binge eating episodes in obese adults","volume":"48","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071371","article-title":"Emotional eating and dietary patterns: Reflecting food choices in people with and without abdominal obesity","volume":"14","author":"Betancourt-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01932","article-title":"Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure","volume":"7","author":"Bongers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(83)90121-3","article-title":"Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes","volume":"21","author":"Borkovec","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2019.1649406","article-title":"Self-reported emotional eating is not related to greater food intake: Results from two laboratory studies","volume":"35","author":"Braden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2025.102011","article-title":"Measurement of emotional eating with the emotional eating scale, a laboratory paradigm, and ecological momentary assessment","volume":"58","author":"Braden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.09.002","article-title":"The effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry","volume":"62","author":"Britton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2523","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Eating Disorders Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2022.2060629","article-title":"Overcoming difficulties in measuring emotional regulation: Assessing and comparing the psychometric properties of the DERS long and short forms","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogent Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2010.29.6.599","article-title":"Suppressing to please, eating to cope: The effect of overweight women's emotion suppression on romantic relationships and eating","volume":"29","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.08.011","article-title":"The effects of negative and positive mood induction on eating behaviour: A meta-analysis of laboratory studies in the healthy population and eating and weight disorders","volume":"57","author":"Cardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.007","article-title":"Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty","volume":"39","author":"Carleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","article-title":"Fearing the unknown: A short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale","volume":"21","author":"Carleton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12768","article-title":"The global prevalence of emotional eating in overweight and obese populations: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"116","author":"Chew","year":"2025","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0262-2","article-title":"Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cisler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051173","article-title":"The association of emotional eating with overweight\/obesity, depression, anxiety\/stress, and dietary patterns: A review of the current clinical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Dakanalis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106554","article-title":"Negative emotional eating patterns among American university students: A replication study","volume":"186","author":"Dixit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.107907","article-title":"A latent class analysis of negative emotional eating in bariatric surgery candidates","volume":"208","author":"Dixit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0561-7","article-title":"The three-factor eating Questionnaire-R21: A confirmatory factor analysis in a Portuguese sample","volume":"25","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021890322153","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry","volume":"21","author":"Dugas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2008.1.3.192","article-title":"Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process","volume":"1","author":"Ehring","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041744","article-title":"Emotional eating in adults: The role of sociodemographics, lifestyle behaviors, and self-Regulation\u2014Findings from a U.S. national study","volume":"18","author":"Elran Barak","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203630","article-title":"GPOWER: A general power analysis program","volume":"28","author":"Erdfelder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib32","series-title":"Clinical handbook of fear and anxiety: Maintenance processes and treatment mechanisms","first-page":"133","article-title":"Worry and rumination","author":"Erickson","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016700","article-title":"Assessing yourself as an emotional eater: Mission impossible?","volume":"28","author":"Evers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210371383","article-title":"Feeding your feelings: Emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating","volume":"36","author":"Evers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781","article-title":"Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects","volume":"26","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100338","article-title":"The interplay between emotion dysregulation, psychological distress, emotional eating, and weight status: A path model","volume":"23","author":"Guerrini-Usubini","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22247","article-title":"Do emotional eating urges regulate affect? Concurrent and prospective associations and implications for risk models of binge eating","volume":"47","author":"Haedt-Matt","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1070355","article-title":"Resolving uncertainty about the intolerance of uncertainty Scale\u201312: Application of modern psychometric strategies","volume":"98","author":"Hale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib40","series-title":"The binge-purge syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and research","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib41","series-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.107969","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of the comprehensive emotional eating scale (CEES)","volume":"209","author":"Hooper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.07.002","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders: An update on the field","volume":"56","author":"Kesby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2019.101492","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and eating disorder behaviour: Piloting a consumption task in a non-clinical sample","volume":"65","author":"Kesby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23751","article-title":"Evaluating the role of negative affect and negative interpretation biases in emotional eating behavior","volume":"55","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib46","series-title":"Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment","first-page":"201","article-title":"A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: The role of intolerance of uncertainty","author":"Koerner","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120000166","article-title":"Emotional eating and obesity in adults: The role of depression, sleep and genes","volume":"79","author":"Konttinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2010.01.014","article-title":"Emotional eating, depressive symptoms and self-reported food consumption. A population-based study","volume":"54","author":"Konttinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00857-z","article-title":"Rumination, mood, and maladaptive eating behaviors in overweight and healthy populations","volume":"26","author":"Kornacka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000535","article-title":"Does repetitive negative thinking affect attention? Differential effects of worry and rumination on attention to emotional stimuli","volume":"19","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-04-2019-0132","article-title":"Gender differences in taste and foods habits","volume":"50","author":"Lombardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition & Food Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22641","article-title":"Could the resource depletion model of self\u2010control help the field to better understand momentary processes that lead to binge eating?","volume":"49","author":"Loth","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(90)90135-6","article-title":"Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire","volume":"28","author":"Meyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1147970","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty heightens negative emotional states and dampens positive emotional states","volume":"14","author":"Morriss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00399-6","article-title":"Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic cognitive process","volume":"4","author":"Moulds","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000093","article-title":"The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination","volume":"143","author":"Naragon-Gainey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000052","article-title":"Trait susceptibility to worry modulates the effects of cognitive load on cognitive control: An ERP study","volume":"15","author":"Owens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00489-z","article-title":"The mediating effects of fear of COVID-19 and depression on the association between intolerance of uncertainty and emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Pak","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112448","article-title":"Repetitive negative thinking and eating disorders: A meta-analysis of the role of worry and rumination","volume":"10","author":"Palmieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.235","article-title":"Food-specific response inhibition, dietary restraint and snack intake in lean and overweight\/obese adults: A moderated-mediation model","volume":"40","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120007004","article-title":"Emotional eating in healthy individuals and patients with an eating disorder: Evidence from psychometric, experimental and naturalistic studies","volume":"79","author":"Reichenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104870","article-title":"An experimental examination of worry and relaxation on cardiovascular, endocrine, and inflammatory processes","volume":"122","author":"Renna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111195","article-title":"Eating under observation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect that heightened awareness of observation has on laboratory measured energy intake","volume":"102","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.05.002","article-title":"The bogus taste test: Validity as a measure of laboratory food intake","volume":"116","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-019-0254-2","article-title":"Factors associated with restrained eating and validation of the Arabic version of the restrained eating scale among an adult representative sample of the Lebanese population: A cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Saade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102270","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation: A meta-analytic and systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Sahib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010079","article-title":"Emotional eating in adolescence: Effects of emotion regulation, weight status and negative body image","volume":"13","author":"Shriver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026221131309","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationship between worry and rumination","volume":"11","author":"Stade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1029","article-title":"What does uncertainty mean to women with anorexia nervosa? An interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"19","author":"Sternheim","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Eating Disorders Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00232-8","article-title":"Reliability and validity of two widely-used worry questionnaires: Self-report and self-peer convergence","volume":"24","author":"St\u00f6ber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90010-8","article-title":"The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger","volume":"29","author":"Stunkard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib74","series-title":"Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire--Revised 21-Item Version (TFEQ-R21) [Database record]","author":"Tholin","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116638410","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-5 anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders","volume":"25","author":"Tolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.12.015","article-title":"Prevention of anxiety disorders and depression by targeting excessive worry and rumination in adolescents and young adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Topper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-025-10593-2","article-title":"Mediators and predictors of treatment response in a brief online intervention for rumination and worry","author":"Upton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib78","series-title":"The inhibitory effect of intolerance of uncertainty on the emotional eating response","author":"van de Poppe","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.10.005","article-title":"Moderation of distress-induced eating by emotional eating scores","volume":"58","author":"Van Strien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-016-9547-9","article-title":"Validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS-18) in five samples","volume":"38","author":"Victor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2023.102729","article-title":"The impact of psychological treatment on intolerance of uncertainty in generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280701","article-title":"The effect of emotion regulation on emotional eating among undergraduate students in China: The chain mediating role of impulsivity and depressive symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01197-y","article-title":"Emotion regulation difficulties and disordered eating in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"}],"container-title":["Appetite"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195666325005720?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195666325005720?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:29:18Z","timestamp":1781512158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195666325005720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["S0195666325005720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6663"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6663","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Worry wart: A preregistered, experimental investigation of worry-induced emotional eating and associated psychological characteristics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Appetite","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2025.108419","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108419"}}