{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T19:55:31Z","timestamp":1776801331195,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023673","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023673","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008840","name":"Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002713","name":"Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Radiation and Isotopes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:23:00Z","timestamp":1767831780000},"page":"112425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Design and characterization of eco-friendly phospho-silicate glasses modified with TiO2 in the CaO-MgO-P2O5-SiO2 system for radiation shielding protection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4360-6769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.A.","family":"Abo-Mosallam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4073-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed I.","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa I.","family":"Abdelglil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.G.","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127507","article-title":"Green conversion of hazardous red mud into diagnostic X-ray shielding tiles","volume":"424","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-020-04265-z","article-title":"Effect of Sb2O3 addition on radiation attenuation properties of tellurite glasses containing V2O5 and Nb2O5","volume":"127","author":"Al-Buriahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40249","article-title":"An insight into advanced glass systems for radiation shielding applications: a review on different modifiers and heavy metal oxides-based glasses","volume":"10","author":"Al-Buriahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib4","series-title":"Fabrication, Physical Properties and Radiation Shielding Performance of Geopolymers Reinforced by B2O3: Eco-Friendly Building Material. Radiation Physics and Chemistry","first-page":"112982","author":"Al-Buriahi","year":"2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123414","article-title":"The influence of titanium dioxide on silicate-based glasses: an evaluation of the mechanical and radiation shielding properties","volume":"14","author":"Albarzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.112150","article-title":"Design and characterization of borosilicate glass modified with TiO2 for enhanced optical and radiation shielding applications","volume":"225","author":"Alhakami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2025.111276","article-title":"Experimental investigation for radiation shielding performance of B2O3-TeO2-Bi2O3-ZnO-CaO glass system","volume":"215","author":"Almuqrin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib8","first-page":"112075","article-title":"Physical, chemical and radiation shielding properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers containing borosilicate waste glass. Radiation physics and chemistry","volume":"224","author":"Alrowaili","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib9","first-page":"100483","article-title":"Optical features and radiation protection capabilities of BaO and Eu2O3 doped borate-based glasses: the effect of composition on performance","author":"Alrowaily","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kuwait J. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-024-06702-2","article-title":"The impact of TiO2 on physical, optical characteristics and shielding qualities against \u03b3-ray features of titanium bismo-borate glasses","volume":"56","author":"Alsaif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Quant. Electron."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-022-08450-z","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity and radiation-attenuation ability of copper ions surface-doped dysprosium oxide","volume":"33","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib12","first-page":"39040","article-title":"Microstructural, mechanical and neutron-attenuation properties of apatite-wollastonite doped by SiO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2. Ceramics international","volume":"50","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib13","author":"Alzain","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Impact of Heavy Elements on Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2022.104539","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of gamma-ray shielding characteristics to the TiO2 concentration in the Bi2O3\u2013ZnO\u2013Pb3O4\u2013Al2O3 glass sample based on the Monte Carlo method","volume":"156","author":"Arvaneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2025.113055","article-title":"Effects of barium concentration on the gamma ray and neutron shielding properties of Sm3+ doped (barium) phosphate glass ((100\u2212y)[(50P2O5)\u2013(50-xNa2O)\u2013(xBaO)]-1;ySm2O3)","author":"Baballe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-024-05295-w","article-title":"Influence of Ce and Ti oxides doping on the PMMA polymer: structural, optical, THz, dielectric, and antimicrobial characteristics","volume":"81","author":"Bakr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the dielectric, THz, optical, and structural evaluation of graphene\/PMMA films for optoelectronic devices","author":"Bakr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.08.302","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of physical, mechanical, thermal and attenuation characteristics of NaF-B2O3\u2013Bi2O3-Sm2O3 glasses for gamma radiation shielding applications","volume":"50","author":"Bansal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib19","first-page":"111279","article-title":"Synthesis of Bi2O3 doping powder from CRT-screen waste glass: physical, structural, and radiation attenuation properties. Radiation physics and chemistry","volume":"214","author":"Basha","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2016.03.015","article-title":"Development of BaO\u2013ZnO\u2013B2O3 glasses as a radiation shielding material","volume":"137","author":"Chanthima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109926","article-title":"High density of tungsten gadolinium borate glasses for radiation shielding material: effect of WO3 concentration","volume":"192","author":"Cheewasukhanont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2025.165792","article-title":"Sm3+ ions doped titanium borate glasses: a study on structural, optical & radiation shielding properties","volume":"566","author":"Dedeepya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.178279","article-title":"A review of boron oxide glasses infused with individual oxides of lanthanide elements: for their physical, structural, optical, and gamma shielding properties","volume":"1010","author":"Devaraja","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib24","first-page":"219","article-title":"An interpretation of optical properties of oxides and oxide glasses in terms of the electronic ion polarizability and average single bond strength","volume":"45","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Univ. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2025.112158","article-title":"Additive manufacturing in radiation shielding design: production of ulexite-doped polymers with DLP technology, structural and physical properties","author":"Duman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2025.111554","article-title":"Performance improvement of mechanical, chemical and radiation protection of Ag+-doped bismuth silicate glasses for radiation shielding applications","volume":"222","author":"Ebrahium","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.167483","article-title":"New shielding ZnO-PbO-TeO2 glasses","volume":"243","author":"El-Mallawany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib28","first-page":"112282","article-title":"Gamma absorption and radiation shielding properties of apatite-wollastonite containing SiO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2. Radiation physics and chemistry","volume":"226","author":"Elqahtani","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.170400","article-title":"Impact of TiO2 on physical, optical, and radiation shielding properties of tungsten-based glasses","volume":"272","author":"Es-soufi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Optik"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-025-15206-y","article-title":"CuO nanoparticle doping in barium borate glasses: effects on density prediction via machine learning, optical, mechanical, thermal, and radiation protection properties","volume":"36","author":"Eskalen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s41779-022-00716-3","article-title":"Enhancement of structural and optical properties of transparent sodium zinc phosphate glass\u2013ceramics nano composite","volume":"58","author":"Farag","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Australian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2025.113110","article-title":"The Alkaline-earth modified bismuth telluro-borate glasses for advanced multifunctional shielding applications","author":"Gayathri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.06.451","article-title":"Mechanical strength and shielding efficiency against gamma and neutron radiation of oxide-modified tellurite glasses","author":"Gunha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2017.05.021","article-title":"Structure-property correlations in TiO2-Bi2O3-B2O3-TeO2 glasses","volume":"470","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib35","first-page":"111448","article-title":"The use of nanomaterial polymeric materials as ionizing radiation shields. Radiation physics and chemistry","volume":"216","author":"Hamisu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.112281","article-title":"Influence of TiO2 content on the radiation shielding properties of the La2O3-B2O3-Gd2O3-Nb2O5-ZrO2-SiO2 glasses","volume":"226","author":"Ho\u015fg\u00f6r","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib37","first-page":"113792","article-title":"Correlated experimental and theoretical study of PbO2-BaO-CaO-B2O3-Gd2O3 glasses with varying PbO2\/CaO ratios for gamma-radiation protection","author":"Issa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib38","series-title":"Principles of Inorganic Chemistry","author":"Jordan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2025.105767","article-title":"Effect of Al2O3, RHF, and RHA on gamma shielding and mechanical properties of TeO2-Based glass using Phy-X\/PSD","volume":"185","author":"Juhim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2014.08.030","article-title":"New gadolinium based glasses for gamma-rays shielding materials","volume":"280","author":"Kaewjang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-023-02750-7","article-title":"The radiation shielding parameters of a standard silica glass system","volume":"16","author":"Kaky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib42","first-page":"2609","article-title":"Environmentally friendly and cost-effective gamma shielding based on waste CRT screen glasses. Journal of electronic materials","volume":"53","author":"Katubi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.180322","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of TiO2-enriched borate glasses: insights into optical, mechanical, physical, and radiation shielding capabilities","volume":"1026","author":"Kavgaci","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.17776\/csj.600967","article-title":"Investigation of beta radiation absorption properties of tungstate and molybdate doped wallpapers","volume":"40","author":"Kavun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cumhuriyet Sci. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib45","first-page":"4024380","article-title":"Effect of pyrophyllite grain size on the mechanical durability and radiation-shielding properties of concrete. Journal of materials in civil engineering","volume":"36","author":"Kavun","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib46","first-page":"111539","article-title":"Investigation of thermal, acoustic, mechanical, and radiation shielding performance of waste and natural fibers. Applied radiation and isotopes","volume":"214","author":"Kavun","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib47","series-title":"Effect of Line Width and Layer Height Variation on Radiation Shielding Properties of 3D-printed Poly (Lactic Acid) Materials. Radiation Physics and Chemistry","first-page":"113410","author":"Kavun","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib48","series-title":"DLP 3D Printing of Al2O3 and Bi2O3 Reinforced Photopolymer Composites: Radiation Shielding and Mechanical Properties. Ceramics International","author":"Kavun","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib49","first-page":"111701","article-title":"Recent developments in radiation shielding glass studies: a mini-review on various glass types. Radiation physics and chemistry","volume":"220","author":"Kurtulus","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2022.105527","article-title":"Comparative assessment of fast and thermal neutrons and gamma radiation protection qualities combined with mechanical factors of different borate-based glass systems","volume":"37","author":"Lakshminarayana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-06165-1","article-title":"Structural and radiation shielding simulation of B2O3\u2013SiO2\u2013LiF\u2013ZnO\u2013TiO2 glasses","volume":"32","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(73)90053-7","article-title":"Direct calculation of Young's moidulus of glass","volume":"12","author":"Makishima","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib53","first-page":"78","article-title":"Human exposure to heavy metals: toxicity mechanisms and health implications","volume":"6","author":"Ohiagu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib54","first-page":"110800","article-title":"Radiation-shielding concrete: a review of materials, performance, and the impact of radiation on concrete properties. Journal of building engineering","volume":"97","author":"Onaizi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2025.113015","article-title":"Fabrication of colorless phosphate Glass doped with Bi2O3 for lead-free radiation shielding in X-Ray and gamma-ray medical applications: a Study using PHITS monte Carlo simulation and experimental analysis","author":"Ornketphon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib56","first-page":"113199","article-title":"Investigation of gamma ray shielding and transmission properties in B2O3-Doped glasses","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.10.048","article-title":"Influence of Bi2O3 on optical properties and structure of bismuth lithium phosphate glasses","volume":"477","author":"Rani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2024.123334","article-title":"Influence of titanium redox states on luminescence and conductivity in TiO2-doped borophosphate glass system","volume":"649","author":"Rashmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.12.215","article-title":"Impact of barium oxide on the structural, thermal, and chemical properties of bismuth borate glasses for optical and thermal applications","volume":"51","author":"Saber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib60","first-page":"113212","article-title":"Structural, mechanical, and radiation attenuation properties of CdO-Al2O3-PbO-Bi2O3 glass ceramics: insights from XRD, FTIR, and positron annihilation spectroscopy","author":"Saddeek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib61","first-page":"229","article-title":"Development of lead-free materials for radiation shielding in medical settings: a review. Journal of biomedical physics & engineering","volume":"14","author":"Safari","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108496","article-title":"Phy-X\/PSD: development of a user friendly online software for calculation of parameters relevant to radiation shielding and dosimetry","volume":"166","author":"\u015eakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2025.112969","article-title":"Cd-S doped glass shields: structural, optical, and nuclear shielding characteristics","author":"Saleh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.166790","article-title":"Optical and radiation shielding features for a new series of borate glass samples","volume":"239","author":"Sayyed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.115738","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of radiation shielding characteristics of borate-based-glass system reinforced with titanium oxide","volume":"154","author":"Sayyed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2025.111231","article-title":"Uncovering the potential of ZnO and CaO in shielding and density enhancement for borate glass systems","volume":"214","author":"Sayyed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2025.108356","article-title":"Structural, physical, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding investigation of tantalum pentoxide doped germanate-tellurite-borate based glass system","volume":"75","author":"Sayyed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2016.12.014","article-title":"A comparative study of gadolinium based oxide and oxyfluoride glasses as low energy radiation shielding materials","volume":"97","author":"Shamshad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.10.020","article-title":"Effect of Zr ions on the structure and optical properties of lithium borosilicate molybdate glass system","volume":"49","author":"Shreif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib70","first-page":"97","article-title":"Partial as well as total photon interaction effective atomic numbers for some concretes. Journal of nuclear physics","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Rad. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib71","article-title":"Evaluation of radiation shielding parameters of SiO2-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-BaO glass system","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.179697","article-title":"Exploring the impact of WO3 on radiation shielding proficiency of WO3-PbO-B2O3 glass ceramics for shielding applications","volume":"1021","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.114941","article-title":"Synthesis and characterizations of Ce-doped ZnO thin films for radiation shielding","volume":"148","author":"So\u011fuksu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-025-08873-5","article-title":"Investigation of structural and radiation shielding properties of in doped ZnO thin films produced by layered manufacturing techniques","volume":"131","author":"So\u011fuksu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.02.411","article-title":"Highly efficient and stable Cr3+ activated SrO-TeO2-TiO2-B2O3 glasses for LED applications","author":"Srinivas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib76","first-page":"111799","article-title":"Influence of B2O3 incorporation on the structural, mechanical and radiation shielding properties of TeO2 based bioglasses. Applied radiation and isotopes","volume":"221","author":"Ulas","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib77","first-page":"5457","article-title":"Monte Carlo analysis of HDPE using PHITS and MCNP for neutron shielding applications. Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry","volume":"333","author":"Unagar","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib78","series-title":"Advanced Radiation Shielding Materials: Radiation and Radiological Protection","author":"Verma","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.180145","article-title":"A comprehensive review of structural, and optical properties of boronated glasses doped with 3-d transition metal oxides (TMOs)","volume":"1024","author":"Vinay","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib80","article-title":"Enhancing optical and radiation shielding properties of B2O3-TeO2-BaO-Bi2O3 high-entropy oxide glass through heavy metal oxide modification","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425_bib81","first-page":"115032","article-title":"Influence of Gd2O3 on structural, optical, radiation shielding, and mechanical properties of borate glasses. Optical materials","volume":"149","author":"Yorulmaz","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Applied Radiation and Isotopes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0969804326000096?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0969804326000096?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:20:26Z","timestamp":1773958826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0969804326000096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0969804326000096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0969-8043"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-8043","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Design and characterization of eco-friendly phospho-silicate glasses modified with TiO2 in the CaO-MgO-P2O5-SiO2 system for radiation shielding protection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apradiso.2026.112425","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112425"}}