{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:33:40Z","timestamp":1789612420948,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009659","name":"Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH-2R15AT008277-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-2R15AT008277-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T11:41:06Z","timestamp":1599565266000},"page":"322-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives as anti-fibrotic therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6965-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Dolivo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Weathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Dominko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2277","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis","volume":"214","author":"Wynn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.0946","article-title":"Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates","volume":"8","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31487","article-title":"Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases","volume":"117","author":"Wynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.07.009","volume":"142","author":"Hinz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Myofibroblasts. Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3182116e39","article-title":"Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts: what are we talking about?.","volume":"57","author":"Baum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib6","first-page":"699","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 promotes contraction of collagen gel by bovine corneal fibroblasts through differentiation of myofibroblasts","volume":"39","author":"Kurosawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022293","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022293","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 signaling and tissue fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2464-0","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and fibrosis","volume":"365","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3109\/08977194.2011.595714","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Biernacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.328","article-title":"Non-Smad pathways in TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.12.009","article-title":"Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases","volume":"1802","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.21.4930","article-title":"Canonical and alternative MAPK signaling","volume":"6","author":"Pimienta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.060169","article-title":"Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathways modulates the development of fibrosis in adriamycin-induced nephropathy","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn309","article-title":"Delayed inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ameliorates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"23","author":"Nishida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr550","article-title":"Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway ameliorates renal fibrosis in an NPHP2 mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.10.022","article-title":"Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis in a murine unilateral ureteral occlusion model","volume":"167","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.01.035","article-title":"Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling reduces fibrosis and lipid accumulation after rotator cuff repair","volume":"25","author":"Wilde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026238","article-title":"Fibroblast-specific genetic manipulation of p38 MAPK in\u00a0vivo reveals its central regulatory role in fibrosis","volume":"136","author":"Molkentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L103","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00187.2001","article-title":"A p38 MAPK inhibitor, fr-167653, ameliorates murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"283","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.08.013","article-title":"FGF2-mediated attenuation of myofibroblast activation is modulated by distinct MAPK signaling pathways in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"88","author":"Dolivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib21","first-page":"325","article-title":"Crosstalk between mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling results in variable activation of human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"43","author":"Dolivo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0361","article-title":"P38 inhibitors prevent TGF-\u03b2-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in human tenon fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Meyer-Ter-Vehn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840380414","article-title":"P38 MAPK mediates fibrogenic signal through Smad 3 phosphorylation in rat myofibroblasts","volume":"38","author":"Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0514-4","article-title":"Smad linker region phosphorylation in the regulation of extracellular matrix synthesis","volume":"68","author":"Burch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2017.09.003","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 2 as an antifibrotic: antagonism of myofibroblast differentiation and suppression of pro-fibrotic gene expression","volume":"38","author":"Dolivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2013.10.013","article-title":"Effective myofibroblast dedifferentiation by concomitant inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 signaling and perturbation of MAPK signaling","volume":"92","author":"Kosla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402222","article-title":"Antagonistic control of cell fates by jnk and p38-MAPK signaling","volume":"15","author":"Wada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36803","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005912200","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase function is required for transforming growth factor \u03b2-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration","volume":"275","author":"Bakin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.11.3328","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b2 enhances epithelial cell survival via Akt-dependent regulation of FKHRL1","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200611146","article-title":"Cell size and invasion in TGF-\u03b2\u2013induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition is regulated by activation of the mtor pathway","volume":"178","author":"Lamouille","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14612-5","article-title":"Involvement of er stress, PI3K\/Akt activation, and lung fibroblast proliferation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5699","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5960","article-title":"PI3K\/Akt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.02.051","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic effects of puerarin on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats possibly through the regulation of PPAR-\u03b3 expression and inhibition of PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03470","article-title":"Hs-173, a novel PI3K inhibitor, attenuates the activation of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Son","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.016","article-title":"Asiatic acid attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the PI3K\/AKT\/mtor and Bcl-2\/Bax signaling pathways","volume":"60","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1333284","article-title":"The fibrotic role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase\/Akt pathway in injured skeletal muscle after acute contusion","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.08.002","article-title":"Vertical inhibition of PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling demonstrates in\u00a0vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activity","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.156","article-title":"Loss of PTEN expression by dermal fibroblasts causes skin fibrosis","volume":"131","author":"Parapuram","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.252","article-title":"Dual mtor inhibition is required to prevent TGF-\u03b2-mediated fibrosis: implications for scleroderma","volume":"135","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.1905","article-title":"A novel PI3K inhibitor alleviates fibrotic responses in fibroblasts derived from peyronie's plaques","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92300","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21247","article-title":"Coenzyme q10 inhibits the activation of pancreatic stellate cells through PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024663","article-title":"Inhibition of PI3K prevents the proliferation and differentiation of human lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts: the role of class I p110 isoforms","volume":"6","author":"Conte","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1159\/000430204","article-title":"Eruberin a, a natural flavanol glycoside, exerts anti-fibrotic action on pancreatic stellate cells","volume":"36","author":"Tsang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.02.014","article-title":"Schizandrin inhibits fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in transforming growth factor-\u03b21-stimulated AML12 cells","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1565","article-title":"CCN5 overexpression inhibits profibrotic phenotypes via the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway in lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in an in\u00a0vivo model of lung fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.09.011","article-title":"BMP7-induced-PTEN inhibits Akt and prevents renal fibrosis","volume":"1863","author":"Higgins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09673-5","article-title":"Quercetin prevents hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and reducing autophagy via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smads and PI3K\/AKT pathways","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12128","article-title":"Fluorofenidone inhibits nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate oxidase via PI3K\/Akt pathway in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.020","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine reduces glucose and insulin-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting insulin receptor-mediated PI3K\/AKT and ERK pathways","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0447OC","article-title":"Endothelin-1 and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 independently induce fibroblast resistance to apoptosis via AKT activation","volume":"41","author":"Kulasekaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05943","article-title":"Maltol mitigates thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis through TGF-\u03b21-mediated activation of PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"67","author":"Mi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015909","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 ligands repress TGF\u03b2-induced myofibroblast differentiation by targeting the PI3K\/Akt pathway: implications for therapy of fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1159\/000453194","article-title":"Didymin alleviates hepatic fibrosis through inhibiting ERK and PI3K\/Akt pathways via regulation of Raf kinase inhibitor protein","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201506-1063ST","article-title":"An official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT clinical practice guideline: treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An update of the 2011 clinical practice guideline","volume":"192","author":"Raghu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.02.020","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches to control tissue repair and fibrosis: extracellular matrix as a game changer","volume":"71\u201372","author":"Walraven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.10.010","article-title":"A brief history of qinghaosu","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.020","article-title":"The history of qing hao in the Chinese materia medica","volume":"100","author":"Hsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.024","article-title":"Artemisinin: discovery from the Chinese herbal garden","volume":"146","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435713","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/435713","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of artemisinin and its derivatives","volume":"2015","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2174\/138945006776359412","article-title":"Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Efferth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-012-9873-z","article-title":"Development of artemisinin compounds for cancer treatment","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest N Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2015.19.1.21","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of artemisinin extracts from Artemisia annua L","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib63","first-page":"127","article-title":"Studies on cytotoxicity and antibacterial effect of artemisinin","volume":"59","author":"Militaru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Works Series C Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2004.07.001","article-title":"Artemisinins: mechanisms of action and potential for resistance","volume":"7","author":"Krishna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2010.04.003","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity: chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species","volume":"15","author":"Buonocore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.07.011","article-title":"Supergenomic network compression and the discovery of EXP1 as a glutathione transferase inhibited by artesunate","volume":"158","author":"Lisewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10111","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10111","article-title":"Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b01004","article-title":"Reverse chemical proteomics identifies an unanticipated human target of the antimalarial artesunate","volume":"14","author":"Gotsbacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4573","article-title":"Artesunate ameliorates lung fibrosis via inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Artesunate modulates expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors as well as collagen-IV to attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in rats","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib71","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin supresses inflammation and fibrosis in bleomycine-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3500","article-title":"Anti-profibrotic effects of artesunate on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib73","first-page":"175","article-title":"The curative effect of dihydroartemisinin on paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a mice model","volume":"29","author":"Bingyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Guangxi Med Univ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib74","first-page":"6","article-title":"The study on effect and mechanism of artesunate in treating experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rats","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Med Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib75","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Expression of transform growth factor \u03b21 in the bleomycin induced rat lung fibrosis and the protective effect of the artesunate in rats","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Guangxi Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib76","first-page":"332","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on the expression of cTGF and \u03b1-SMA in renal tissue of unilateral ureteral obstructed rat model","volume":"19","author":"Mi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med J West China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27714","article-title":"Artemisinin attenuates tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis via the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway in rats with 5\/6 subtotal nephrectomy","volume":"120","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-016-1232-0","article-title":"Artesunate attenuates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by regulating the expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-7 and uterine sensitization-associated gene-1 in rats","volume":"48","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.134","article-title":"Artemisinin analogue SM934 ameliorates the proteinuria and renal fibrosis in rat experimental membranous nephropathy","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.01.032","article-title":"Transcription profiling of artemisinin-treated diabetic nephropathy rats using high-throughput sequencing","volume":"219","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.020","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin attenuates renal fibrosis through regulation of fibroblast proliferation and differentiation","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.03.011","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin alleviates bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation by interfering with the PDGF-\u03b2R\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1478","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin prevents liver fibrosis in bile duct ligated rats by inducing hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through modulating the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iubmb Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.255","article-title":"Interaction between autophagy and senescence is required for dihydroartemisinin to alleviate liver fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.08.040","article-title":"Artesunate alleviates hepatic fibrosis induced by multiple pathogenic factors and inflammation through the inhibition of LPS\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in rats","volume":"765","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.09.035","article-title":"Artesunate ameliorates hepatic fibrosis induced by bovine serum albumin in rats through regulating matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"744","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib87","article-title":"Investigation on\u00a0the role and mechanisms of artesunate against Schistosoma japonicum-induced liver fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1895","article-title":"P53-dependent induction of ferroptosis is required for artemether to alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iubmb Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib89","first-page":"125","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of artesunate on immunological hepatic fibrosis in experimental rats","volume":"27","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Pharmacol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib90","first-page":"362","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on MMPs expression in hepatic fibrosis of rats","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Tianjin Med Univ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.227.161","article-title":"Artemisinin attenuates post-infarct myocardial remodeling by down-regulating the NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"227","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2019.1616296","article-title":"Artemisinin alleviates atherosclerotic lesion by reducing macrophage inflammation via regulation of AMPK\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasomes pathway","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.10.048","article-title":"Artesunate inhibits fibroblasts proliferation and reduces surgery-induced epidural fibrosis via the autophagy-mediated p53\/p21(WAF1\/CIP1) pathway","volume":"842","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.04.017","article-title":"Artesunate protects against surgery-induced knee arthrofibrosis by activating beclin-1-mediated autophagy via inhibition of mTOR signaling","volume":"854","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.12.019","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of the effects of artesunate, dexamethasone, and tacrolimus on sciatic nerve regeneration","volume":"77","author":"Uzun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib96","first-page":"421","article-title":"Artemisinin and artesunate cream in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears","volume":"42","author":"Nong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01960-7","article-title":"Effect of artesunate and relation with TGF-\u03b21 and Smad 3 signaling on experimental hypertrophic scar model in rabbit ear","volume":"311","author":"Nong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1445-x","article-title":"Artesunate prevents knee intraarticular adhesion via PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) signal pathway","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib99","first-page":"3785","article-title":"Role of Fas, Fasl and caspase-3 in artesunate-induced apoptosis of human embryonic lung fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib100","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effect of artesunate on the expression of caspase-3 in human embryonic lung fibroblasts","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin JMAP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib101","first-page":"16","article-title":"Effect of different concentrations of artesunate and methotrexate on synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"China Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0273OC","article-title":"The antimalarial drug artesunate inhibits primary human cultured airway smooth muscle cell proliferation","volume":"50","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib103","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on proliferation of HSCs","volume":"22","author":"Lina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib104","first-page":"94","article-title":"Artesunate negatively controls expression of cyclin D1 and activity of AP-1 by inhibiting the activation of ERK1\/2 protein in HSC-T6 cells","volume":"28","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Pathophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib105","first-page":"271","article-title":"Effects of artesunate and ceramide on cell proliferation, collagen generated and MMP13 expression in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Tianjin Med Univ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0255-9","article-title":"Artesunate may inhibit liver fibrosis via the FAK\/Akt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway in LX-2 cells","volume":"19","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib107","first-page":"92","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on apoptosis of rat glomerular mesangial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"West China Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.246","article-title":"Diverse origins of the myofibroblast-implications for kidney fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Falke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11220","article-title":"Artesunate inhibits myofibroblast formation via induction of apoptosis and antagonism of pro-fibrotic gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"43","author":"Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib110","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on the collagen synthesis of human embryo fibroblast and its mechanism","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shandong Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-eular.2039","article-title":"Fri 0023 artesunate can inhibit migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes via suppression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"76","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem014","article-title":"Anti-malarial agent artesunate inhibits TNF-\u03b1-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of NF-\u03baB and PI3 kinase\/Akt signal pathway in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib113","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on expression of TGF-\u03b21\/MAPK signal pathway in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"42","author":"Juan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chongqing Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200601-004TK","article-title":"Epithelial origin of myofibroblasts during fibrosis in the lung","volume":"3","author":"Willis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21186","article-title":"Fibrosis and cancer: do myofibroblasts come also from epithelial cells via EMT?.","volume":"101","author":"Radisky","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.06.004","article-title":"Partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and other new mechanisms of kidney fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Lovisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib117","series-title":"Kidney development and disease","first-page":"345","article-title":"Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT): role and implications in kidney fibrosis","author":"Cruz-Solbes","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.29245\/2689-999X\/2019\/2.1149","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition contributes to pulmonary fibrosis via aberrant epithelial\/fibroblastic cross-talk","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lung Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib119","first-page":"142","article-title":"Relationship between artesunate influence on the process of TGF-\u03b21 induced alveolar epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells and on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.07.011","article-title":"Artesunate ameliorates high glucose-induced rat glomerular mesangial cell injury by suppressing the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"293","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib121","first-page":"4415","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on the proliferation of rats' glomerular mesangial cells","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106125","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin inhibits the proliferation of igan mesangial cells through the mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"80","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib123","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effects of artesunate on hepatic fibrosis and its mechanism","volume":"31","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.02.009","article-title":"From ancient herb to modern drug: Artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy","volume":"46","author":"Efferth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Canc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000076256","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of artesunate on angiogenesis and on expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and VEGF receptor KDR\/flk-1","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11068","article-title":"The artemisinin derivative artesunate inhibits corneal neovascularization by inducing ROS-dependent apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.08.021","article-title":"Inhibition of angiogenesis in\u00a0vivo and growth of Kaposi's sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate","volume":"68","author":"Dell'Eva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(03)00107-5","article-title":"Inhibition of human cancer cell line growth and human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis by artemisinin derivatives in\u00a0vitro","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2004.11.001","article-title":"Apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by artesunate","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin inhibits endothelial cell proliferation through the suppression of the ERK signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1997","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell migration by a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathway","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.03.014","article-title":"Artesunate reduces chicken chorioallantoic membrane neovascularisation and exhibits antiangiogenic and apoptotic activity on human microvascular dermal endothelial cell","volume":"211","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Canc Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01120.x","article-title":"Design of novel artemisinin-like derivatives with cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic properties","volume":"15","author":"Soomro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-003-0751-4","article-title":"Antimalarial dihydroartemisinin also inhibits angiogenesis","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Canc Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.08.084","article-title":"Differential effects on angiogenesis of two antimalarial compounds, dihydroartemisinin and artemisone: implications for embryotoxicity","volume":"241","author":"D'Alessandro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-009-1218-7","article-title":"The anti-malaria agent artesunate inhibits expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-005-0002-y","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canc Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000148261","article-title":"Artemisinin inhibits tumor lymphangiogenesis by suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor C","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.6.0011","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin exerts cytotoxic effects and inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1\u03b1 activation in C6 glioma cells","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117221","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin inhibits endothelial cell tube formation by suppression of the STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"242","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4MR0316-102R","article-title":"Angiogenesis and wound repair: when enough is enough","volume":"100","author":"DiPietro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2008.36","article-title":"Regulation of scar formation by vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"88","author":"Wilgus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29465-9","article-title":"Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) as a regulator of wound angiogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Michalczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200077","article-title":"Endostatin inhibits hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib145","series-title":"Research directions in tumor angiogenesis","first-page":"175","article-title":"The use of artemisinin compounds as angiogenesis inhibitors to treat cancer","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-120214-013614","article-title":"Pirfenidone initiates a new era in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Selvaggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00272-6","article-title":"Pirfenidone effectively reverses experimental liver fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Garcia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.107136","article-title":"A pilot study in patients with established advanced liver fibrosis using pirfenidone","volume":"55","author":"Armendariz-Borunda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-131","article-title":"Treatment with pirfenidone for two years decreases fibrosis, cytokine levels and enhances CB2 gene expression in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"14","author":"Flores-Contreras","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2004.05.012","article-title":"The anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone in rat liver fibrosis is mediated by downregulation of procollagen \u03b11 (I), TIMP-1 and MMP-2","volume":"36","author":"Di Sario","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624320","article-title":"Pirfenidone prevents the development of a vulnerable substrate for atrial fibrillation in a canine model of heart failure","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.04.030","article-title":"Pirfenidone mitigates left ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction after myocardial infarction and reduces arrhythmias","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704539","article-title":"Attenuation of cardiac fibrosis by pirfenidone and amiloride in DOCA\u2013salt hypertensive rats","volume":"135","author":"Mirkovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00962.x","article-title":"Pirfenidone improves renal function and fibrosis in the post-obstructed kidney","volume":"54","author":"Shimizu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib155","first-page":"S239","article-title":"Pirfenidone prevents collagen accumulation in the remnant kidney in rats with partial nephrectomy","volume":"63","author":"Shimizu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.12.011","article-title":"Renoprotective properties of pirfenidone in subtotally nephrectomized rats","volume":"629","author":"Takakuta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00001111","article-title":"Antifibrotic activities of pirfenidone in animal models","volume":"20","author":"Schaefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35110-9","article-title":"Effects of pirfenidone on transforming growth factor-\u03b2 gene expression at the transcriptional level in bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis","volume":"291","author":"Iyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2014.02.014","article-title":"Effect of pirfenidone on proliferation, TGF-\u03b2-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenic activity of primary human lung fibroblasts","volume":"58","author":"Conte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib160","first-page":"145","article-title":"Low dose pirfenidone suppresses transforming growth factor \u03b2-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and protects rats from lung fibrosis induced by bleomycina","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin Med Sci J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.01.027","article-title":"Pirfenidone prevents radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis in rats by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and differentiation and suppressing the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad\/CTGF signaling pathway","volume":"822","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.68","article-title":"Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-007-9596-y","article-title":"Production of artemisinin by genetically-modified microbes","volume":"30","author":"Zeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib164","series-title":"Natural compounds as drugs","first-page":"383","article-title":"Artemisinin\u2014an innovative cornerstone for anti-malaria therapy","author":"Kuhn","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/530390a","article-title":"Synthetic biology's first malaria drug meets market resistance","volume":"530","author":"Peplow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101040","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro assessment of three different artemisia species for their antioxidant and anti-fibrotic activity","volume":"18","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocat Agri Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-010-9166-0","article-title":"Artemisinin production in Artemisia annua: studies in\u00a0planta and results of a novel delivery method for treating malaria\u00a0and other neglected diseases","volume":"10","author":"Weathers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochemistry Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052746","article-title":"Dried whole plant artemisia annua as an antimalarial therapy","volume":"7","author":"Elfawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413127112","article-title":"Dried whole-plant Artemisia annua slows evolution of malaria drug resistance and overcomes resistance to artemisinin","volume":"112","author":"Elfawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.04.006","article-title":"Artemisia annua dried leaf tablets treated malaria resistant to act and i.v. artesunate","volume":"32","author":"Daddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.12.002","article-title":"Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions vs. artesunate-amodiaquine (asaq) in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a large scale, double blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Munyangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.03.037","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of artemisinin delivered by oral consumption of Artemisia annua dried leaves in healthy vs. Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice","volume":"153","author":"Weathers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.11.043","article-title":"Simulated digestion of dried leaves of Artemisia annua consumed as a treatment (pACT) for malaria","volume":"151","author":"Weathers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.06.041","article-title":"Effect of leaf digestion and artemisinin solubility for use in oral consumption of dried artemisia annua leaves to treat malaria","volume":"190","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.08.038","article-title":"Artemisinin permeability via Caco-2 cells increases after simulated digestion of Artemisia annua leaves","volume":"210","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020254","article-title":"Drief leaf Artemisia annua improves bioavailability of artemisinin via cytochrome p450 inhibition and enhances artemisinin efficacy downstream","volume":"10","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/004982599238740","article-title":"Quantitative in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat","volume":"29","author":"Ashton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.11.004","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of artemisinin on contact hypersensitivity","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30392","article-title":"Oral administration of artemisinin analog SM934 ameliorates lupus syndromes in MRL\/lpr mice by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 cell responses","volume":"63","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2016.1267744","article-title":"Artemisinin inhibits inflammatory response via regulating NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970500418786","article-title":"Artemether: a new therapeutic strategy in experimental rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Cuzzocrea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970600927447","article-title":"Design of a new line in treatment of experimental rheumatoid arthritis by artesunate","volume":"28","author":"Mirshafiey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"}],"container-title":["Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211383520307012?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211383520307012?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:45:11Z","timestamp":1761929111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2211383520307012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2211383520307012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-3835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-3835","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives as anti-fibrotic therapeutics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.09.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}