{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:32:08Z","timestamp":1788910328100,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T04:34:36Z","timestamp":1625027676000},"page":"104473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The relation between age of retirement and frailty in later life? A cross-sectional study in Flemish older adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Michael C.J.","family":"Van der Elst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Schoenmakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Vert\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"De Donder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"De Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Fret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Luyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos M.G.A.","family":"Schols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertrudis I.J.M.","family":"Kempen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"De Lepeleire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2307\/2136947","article-title":"The social costs of unemployment: implications for social support","volume":"27","author":"Atkinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2011.143586.76","article-title":"Physical activity and the transition to retirement: A mixed-method systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Barnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.05.026","article-title":"Physical activity and transitioning to retirement: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Barnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1712","article-title":"Does retirement trigger ill health?","volume":"21","author":"Behncke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0005","unstructured":"Belgium.be (2014). Het Regeerakkoord, https:\/\/www.belgium.be\/nl\/over_belgie\/overheid\/federale_overheid\/federale_regering\/beleid\/regeerakkoord accessed February 5, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, K. A. (2004). The Well-being of retirees: Evidence using subjective data. CRR Working Paper No. 2004-24. 10.2139\/ssrn.1147678.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1147678"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan, A., & Schuth, M. (2014). Early retirement, mental health, and social networks. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nber.org\/chapters\/c12982.pdf accessed February 5, 2018.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226146126.003.0007"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.026","article-title":"Retirement and physical activity","volume":"36","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00056","article-title":"Determinants of frailty: The added value of assessing medication","volume":"7","author":"Coelho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Collard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0011","unstructured":"Cylus, J. (2017). Unemployment insurance and physical activity. Retrieved from http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/80263\/accessed February 5, 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2325-8012.2008.tb00916.x","article-title":"The effects of retirement on physical and mental health outcomes","volume":"75","author":"Dave","year":"2008","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Donder, L., De Witte, N., Vert\u00e9, D., Dury, S., Buffel, T., Smetcoren, A. S., & Brosens, D., & Vert\u00e9, E. (2014). Developing evidence-based age-friendly policies: A participatory research project. SAGE research methods cases. Retrieved from 10.4135\/978144627305013508507.","DOI":"10.4135\/978144627305013508507"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2019.100787","article-title":"Critical reflections on the blind sides of frailty in later life","volume":"49","author":"De Donder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Aging Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.18192\/aporia.v5i1.2894","article-title":"A theoretical perspective on the conceptualisation and usefulness of frailty and vulnerability measurements in community dwelling older adults","volume":"5","author":"De Witte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aporia: The Nursing Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2013.03.002","article-title":"The comprehensive frailty assessment instrument: Development, validity and reliability","volume":"34","author":"De Witte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geriatric Nursing,"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2013.03.001","article-title":"Validation of the comprehensive frailty assessment instrument against the tilburg frailty indicator","volume":"4","author":"De Witte","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Geriatric Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2016.1193120","article-title":"Identifying frailty risk profiles of home-dwelling older people: Focus on sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Dury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging & mental health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2015.05.001","article-title":"Understanding the effect of retirement on health: Mechanisms and heterogeneity","volume":"43","author":"Eibich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200027","article-title":"Socio-demographic determinants of worsening in frailty among community-dwelling older people in 11 European countries","volume":"66","author":"Etman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemioly Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/workar\/waw001","article-title":"Retirement timing: A review and recommendations for future research","volume":"2","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work, Aging and Retirement"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0022","first-page":"146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00938.x","article-title":"Frailty and hospitalization of long-term stay nursing home residents","volume":"45","author":"Fried","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.09.015","article-title":"In search of an integral conceptual definition of frailty: Opinions of experts","volume":"11","author":"Gobbens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"issue":"11 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S502","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199911001-00003","article-title":"Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities","volume":"31","author":"Grundy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037722","article-title":"Retirement age and type as predictors of frailty: A retrospective cohort study of older businessmen","volume":"10","author":"Haapanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2015.09.006","article-title":"Is an early retirement offer good for your health? Quasi-experimental evidence from the army","volume":"44","author":"Hallberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of health economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heller-Sahlgren, G. (2012). Work \u2018til you drop: Short-and longer-term health effects of retirement in Europe. IFN working paper no. 928. 10.2139\/ssrn.2153191.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2153191"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4163","article-title":"How should we define health?","volume":"343","author":"Huber","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0030","first-page":"543","article-title":"Frailty index and incident mortality, hospitalization, and institutionalization in Alzheimer's disease: Data from the ICTUS study","volume":"71","author":"Kelaiditi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0031","first-page":"717","article-title":"A life course approach to healthy aging, frailty, and capability","volume":"62","author":"Kuh","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-012-0390-y","article-title":"The impact of time cost of physical exercise on health outcomes by older adults: The DR's EXTRA study","volume":"14","author":"Kuvaja-K\u00f6llner","year":"2013","journal-title":"The European Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0033","first-page":"35","article-title":"The impact of retirement on mental health in Canada","volume":"16","author":"Latif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207887","article-title":"Relationship between employment histories and frailty trajectories in later life: Evidence from the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"71","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0035","first-page":"167","article-title":"Job loss, retirement and the mental health of older Americans","volume":"11","author":"Mandal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0036","first-page":"33","article-title":"The impact of voluntary and involuntary retirement on mental health: Evidence from older Irish adults","volume":"19","author":"Mosca","year":"2014","journal-title":"IZA Discussion Papers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12215","article-title":"What explains the Dierence in the effect of retirement on health?: Evidence from global aging data","volume":"32","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X11000237","article-title":"The effect of retirement and age at retirement on self-perceived health after three years of follow-up in Dutch 55-64-year-olds","volume":"32","author":"Rijs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1997.1610","article-title":"The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees\u2019 retirement decision and adjustment","volume":"53","author":"Shultz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0040","unstructured":"Smith, S. (2010). Social connectedness and retirement. CMPO working paper series, 10\/255. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/media-library\/sites\/cmpo\/migrated\/documents\/wp255.pdf accessed February 5, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2013.09.003","article-title":"Does raising the early retirement age increase employment of older workers?","volume":"108","author":"Staubli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383501","article-title":"Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy","volume":"51","author":"Umberson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0043","unstructured":"van den Bogaard, L., Henkens, C., & Kalmijn, M. (2012). So now what?: Effects of retirement on social activities and relationships with friends and family. Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement (NETSPAR) Discussion papers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.narcis.nl\/publication\/RecordID\/oai:pUre.knaw.nl:pUblications%2Fe1b50b1f-60c7-4b66-b838-b9d25284c610 accessed February 5, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1180","article-title":"Is retirement good for your health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"13","author":"van der Heide","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0045","unstructured":"Vellas, B. (2016)., White book on frailty. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.garn-network.org\/documents\/WHITEBOOKONFRAILTY-USVERSION.pdf accessed February 5, 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.09.010","article-title":"Frailty and the prediction of negative health outcomes: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Vermeiren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"issue":"9705","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61570-1","article-title":"Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL): A cohort study","volume":"374","author":"Westerlund","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1159\/000088705","article-title":"Social determinants of frailty","volume":"51","author":"Woo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0049","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. (2000). The implications for training of embracing, A life course approach to health. Retrieved from https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/69400\/WHO_NMH_HPS_00.2_eng.pdf accessed February 5, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.04.003","article-title":"Retirement and its consequences for women's health in Australia","volume":"163","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167494321001369?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167494321001369?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T20:08:56Z","timestamp":1759090136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167494321001369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0167494321001369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4943","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The relation between age of retirement and frailty in later life? A cross-sectional study in Flemish older adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104473","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104473"}}