{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:41:44Z","timestamp":1792856504390,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T21:44:18Z","timestamp":1712007858000},"page":"105425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Bouhaben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Helena","family":"Delgado-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8808-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Delgado-Losada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205263","article-title":"Comparison of the sociodemographic characteristics of the large NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 e-cohort with French Census data: The issue of volunteer bias revisited","volume":"69","author":"Andreeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0546","article-title":"PRISMA reporting guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews","volume":"156","author":"Arya","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1261-7","article-title":"Olfactory bulb involvement in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"127","author":"Attems","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.940363","article-title":"Brief test of olfactory dysfunction based on diagnostic features of specific odors in early-stage alzheimer disease","volume":"29","author":"Audronyte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32878-w","article-title":"Properties of odor identification testing in screening for early-stage Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Audronyte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100696","article-title":"Olfactory deficits and amyloid-\u03b2 burden in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging: A PiB PET study","volume":"22","author":"Bahar-Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12078-010-9069-x","article-title":"Can I smell gas (or is it lilac)? Olfactory semantic deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"3","author":"Bahar-Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosensory Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210002371","article-title":"Awareness of olfactory deficits in healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"23","author":"Bahar-Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics \/ IPA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7545.808","article-title":"Life expectancy: Women now on top everywhere","volume":"332","author":"Barford","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007501","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry","volume":"36","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.006","article-title":"Progressive signaling changes in the olfactory nerve of patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"76","author":"Bathini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiology of aging"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.03.004","article-title":"Attention should be given to multiplicity issues in systematic reviews","volume":"61","author":"Bender","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.04.030","article-title":"The effects of aging in the hippocampus and cognitive decline","volume":"79","author":"Bettio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv236","article-title":"The preclinical phase of the pathological process underlying sporadic Alzheimer's disease","volume":"138","author":"Braak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain : A Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00792","article-title":"Smell, an underrated early biomarker for brain aging","volume":"14","author":"Brai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1337","article-title":"Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset","volume":"88","author":"Brookmeyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy016","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and structural abnormalities in late life depression with olfactory identification impairment: An Alzheimer's disease-like pattern","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab091","article-title":"Structural and functional abnormalities of olfactory-related regions in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100002389","article-title":"Early olfactory involvement in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"30","author":"Christen-Zaech","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2021.1892026","article-title":"Cognitive reserve: A multidimensional protective factor in Parkinson's disease related cognitive impairment","volume":"29","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychol Cog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/act032","article-title":"Odor identification deficit predicts clinical conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia due to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Conti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051759","article-title":"The protective role of cognitive reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Corbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(01)00061-7","article-title":"What the nose knows: Olfaction and cognitive abilities","volume":"29","author":"Danthiir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90121-Q","article-title":"Axonal loss from the olfactory tracts in alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Davies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5","article-title":"Could olfactory identification be a prognostic factor in detecting cognitive impairment risk in the elderly?","volume":"45","author":"Delgado-Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120943","article-title":"Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification","volume":"10","author":"Delgado-Losada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.9.1399","article-title":"Olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment predict Alzheimer's disease at follow-up","volume":"157","author":"Devanand","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256697.20968.d7","article-title":"Hippocampal and entorhinal atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: Prediction of Alzheimer disease","volume":"68","author":"Devanand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.020","article-title":"Combining early markers strongly predicts conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"64","author":"Devanand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.008","article-title":"Olfactory identification deficits and MCI in a multi-ethnic elderly community sample","volume":"31","author":"Devanand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.010","article-title":"Olfactory identification deficits, cognitive decline, and dementia in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Devanand","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24792","article-title":"Episodic memory of odors stratifies Alzheimer biomarkers in normal elderly","volume":"80","author":"Dhilla Albers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.014","article-title":"Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"29","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiology of aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17586","article-title":"Dementia screening in rural-dwelling Chinese older adults: The utility of a smell test and the self-rated AD8","volume":"70","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09561-0","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory functioning and food preferences of patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment compared to controls: The NUDAD project","volume":"267","author":"Doorduijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.02.032","article-title":"Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception","volume":"97","author":"Doty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiology & behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020","article-title":"The influences of age on olfaction: A review","volume":"5","author":"Doty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198402000-00004","article-title":"University of pennsylvania smell identification test: A rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic","volume":"94","author":"Doty","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel-Plot\u2013Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0453-2","article-title":"Olfactory screening test in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"26","author":"Eibenstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-091549","article-title":"Functional representation of olfactory impairment in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2022.100439","volume":"29","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.013","article-title":"Olfactory impairment predicts cognitive decline in early Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Fullard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2174\/156652412803833652","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in the olfactory system and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"12","author":"Gallarda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr165","article-title":"The association between olfactory impairment and total mortality in older adults","volume":"67","author":"Gopinath","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.383","article-title":"Olfactory identification is impaired in clinic-based patients with vascular dementia and senile dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"16","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001614","article-title":"Odor identification and Alzheimer disease biomarkers in clinically normal elderly","volume":"84","author":"Growdon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.08.003","article-title":"Odor identification deficit in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease is associated with hippocampal and deep gray matter atrophy","volume":"255","author":"Hagemeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.92.2.490","article-title":"Estimation of effect size from a series of independent experiments","volume":"92","author":"Hedges","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychological bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1080\/13803391003683070","article-title":"Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks","volume":"32","author":"Hedner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0162","article-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023)","author":"Higgins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141494","article-title":"Unirhinal Olfactory Testing for the Diagnostic Workup of Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"47","author":"Huart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2011.00387.x","article-title":"Specific feature of olfactory dysfunction with Alzheimer's disease inspected by the Odor Stick Identification Test: Olfactory loss for diagnosing AD","volume":"11","author":"Jimbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics : The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201022","article-title":"Olfactory identification in subjective cognitive decline: A meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150332","article-title":"Altered affective evaluations of smells in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"49","author":"Joussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27399","article-title":"Olfactory function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220228","article-title":"The neuroanatomic correlates of olfactory identification impairment in healthy older adults and in persons with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"89","author":"Kamath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0002","series-title":"Learning and memory in normal aging","first-page":"544","author":"Kausler","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0203","article-title":"Cut-off scores of an olfactory function test for mild cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-014-0168-1","article-title":"The brain structural and cognitive basis of odor identification deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Kjelvik","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.607566","article-title":"The Human Brain Representation of Odor Identification in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Dementia of Mild Degree","volume":"11","author":"Kjelvik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/0301006616683201","article-title":"Assessment of olfactory memory in olfactory dysfunction","volume":"46","author":"Kollndorfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8020041","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction as a Global Biomarker for Sniffing out Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kotecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3187-z","article-title":"Comparison of olfactory and gustatory disorders in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"39","author":"Kouzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200102120-00021","article-title":"Olfactory centres in Alzheimer's disease: Olfactory bulb is involved in early Braak's stages","volume":"12","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004959","article-title":"Author response: Odor identification as a biomarker of preclinical AD in older adults at risk","volume":"90","author":"Lafaille-Magnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P304","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.5.P304","article-title":"Odor identification: Influences of age, gender, cognition, and personality","volume":"55","author":"Larsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0725-x","article-title":"Association between olfactory identification and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly: The Shanghai aging study","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2015.07.001","article-title":"Marked gender differences in progression of mild cognitive impairment over 8 years","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511796717212","article-title":"Follow-up study of olfactory deficits, cognitive functions, and volume loss of medial temporal lobe structures in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Lojkowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01296","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1296","article-title":"Disruptions of the olfactory and default mode networks in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr011","article-title":"Olfactory deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease in the polish elderly population","volume":"26","author":"Makowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31827bdb9f","article-title":"Olfactory deficit and hippocampal volume loss for early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease: A pilot study: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Marigliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.56","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1","author":"Masters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature reviews. Disease primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00067-3","article-title":"Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias","volume":"15","author":"Mazure","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/00207450903428954","article-title":"Olfaction in the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis comparing parkinson's disease with controls and other disorders","volume":"120","author":"Mckinnon","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International journal of neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.07.008","article-title":"Odor identification deficits in frontotemporal dementia: A preliminary study","volume":"23","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84","article-title":"Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: A meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases","volume":"55","author":"Mesholam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1068708","article-title":"Olfactory function changes and the predictive performance of the Chinese Smell Identification Test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S37929","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: Assessing sex and gender differences","volume":"6","author":"Mielke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(97)00015-8","article-title":"Olfactory identification in elderly schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Moberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurobiology of aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639508405168","article-title":"Odor identification as an early marker for Alzheimer's disease: Impact of lexical functioning and detection sensitivity","volume":"17","author":"Morgan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2006.00119.x","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in dementia of Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia","volume":"6","author":"Motomura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics : the Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307","article-title":"Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults","volume":"288","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0097-5","article-title":"Olfactory and other sensory impairments in Alzheimer disease","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.051496","article-title":"The estimation of the global prevalence of dementia from 1990 to 2019 and forecasted prevalence through 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019","volume":"17","author":"Nichols","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702801424","article-title":"Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: The role of verbal processing","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6berg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320182411.29762017","article-title":"O n\u00edvel de atividade f\u00edsica como um fator interveniente no estado cognitivo de idosos da aten\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica \u00e0 sa\u00fade","volume":"24","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia & Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12717","article-title":"Rapid olfactory decline during aging predicts dementia and GMV loss in AD brain regions","volume":"19","author":"Pacyna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.019","article-title":"Olfactory function and neurocognitive outcomes in old age: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study","volume":"14","author":"Palta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.001","article-title":"Olfactory function reflects episodic memory performance and atrophy in the medial temporal lobe in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"128","author":"Papadatos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.049","article-title":"Olfactory ability in normal pressure hydrocephalus as compared to Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls","volume":"372","author":"Passler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265764","article-title":"Olfactory identification disorders due to Alzheimer's disease: A new test from France to Quebec","volume":"17","author":"Payne","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324698","article-title":"Odor identification in Alzheimer's disease and depression","volume":"19","author":"Pentzek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.11.1995","article-title":"Olfactory function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: An investigation using psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques","volume":"160","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160842","article-title":"Odor identification screening improves diagnostic classification in incipient Alzheimer's disease","volume":"55","author":"Quarmley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.02.047","article-title":"The effect of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease on olfaction: A meta-analysis","volume":"231","author":"Rahayel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavioural brain research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170564","article-title":"Relation of odor identification with Alzheimer's disease markers in cerebrospinal fluid and cognition","volume":"60","author":"Reijs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2017.09.001","article-title":"Olfactory identification in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: Association with tau but not amyloid positron emission tomography","volume":"9","author":"Risacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.10.001","article-title":"Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging","volume":"9","author":"Roalf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314638","article-title":"A quantitative meta-analysis of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"88","author":"Roalf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0029","first-page":"93","article-title":"Association between olfactory dysfunction and amnestic mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer disease dementia | dementia and cognitive impairment","volume":"73","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psycholl Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03380.x","article-title":"Difference in olfactory dysfunction with dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"59","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-24","article-title":"An olfactory \u2018stress test\u2019 may detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Schofield","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.768208","article-title":"Olfaction and apathy in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy older adults","volume":"17","author":"Seligman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.3.357","article-title":"The nature and course of olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"148","author":"Serby","year":"1991","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150232","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction, olfactory bulb volume and Alzheimer's disease: Is there a correlation? A pilot study","volume":"48","author":"Servello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx054","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of olfactory dysfunction in old age: A population-based study","volume":"72","author":"Seubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.765432","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging study of olfactory identification deficit in patients with mild cognitive impairment","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3075","article-title":"Cross-cultural application of the \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d odor identification test","volume":"21","author":"Shu","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Rhinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/37.2.150","article-title":"Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons From the Nun Study1","volume":"37","author":"Snowdon","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2174\/156720505774932296","article-title":"Cholesterol, copper and A\u03b2 in controls, MCI, AD and the AD C","volume":"2","author":"Sparks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001409","article-title":"Olfactory impairment and subjective olfactory complaints independently predict conversion to dementia: A longitudinal, population-based study","volume":"20","author":"Stanciu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5300-6","article-title":"Taste in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"257","author":"Steinbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1161","article-title":"Smell identification test as an indicator for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20533","article-title":"A 10-item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"58","author":"Tabert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0052","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2016"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","article-title":"Phases of A\u03b2-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD","volume":"58","author":"Thal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0104","first-page":"233","article-title":"Odor identification and cognitive abilities in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2","author":"Tkal\u010di\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"TranslatNeurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13565","article-title":"Olfactory evaluation in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Correlation with neurocognitive performance and endothelial function","volume":"45","author":"Tonacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"The European journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05201-7","article-title":"Heterogeneity of odorant identification impairment in patients with Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"7","author":"Umeda-Kameyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141947","article-title":"Olfactory Cortex Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"45","author":"Vasavada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170310","article-title":"Central olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A functional MRI study","volume":"59","author":"Vasavada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213000446","article-title":"Smell identification function as a severity and progression marker in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"Velayudhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics \/ IPA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142838","article-title":"Pattern of smell identification impairment in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"46","author":"Velayudhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218001503","article-title":"Smell identification function in early-onset Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"31","author":"Velayudhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics \/ IPA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0054","first-page":"261","article-title":"Bias and Efficiency of Meta-Analytic Variance Estimators in the Random-Effects Model","volume":"30","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"JEBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal Statis Soft"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.01.014","article-title":"Olfactory identification in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment and its neuropsychological correlates","volume":"349","author":"Vyhnalek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03137-2","article-title":"Olfactory identification and apolipoprotein E \u03b54 allele in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"951","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.018","article-title":"Olfactory deficit detected by fMRI in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1357","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201168","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction Is Already Present with Subjective Cognitive Decline and Deepens with Disease Severity in the Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1253667","article-title":"Association between olfaction and higher cortical functions in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy older adults","volume":"39","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580903042684","article-title":"Familiarity, cued and free odor identification and their association with cognitive functioning in middle aged and older adults","volume":"17","author":"Wehling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0048","first-page":"1","article-title":"The newcastle-ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta- analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wells","year":"2011","journal-title":"OHRI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4622-09.2010","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction correlates with amyloid-\u03b2 burden in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model","volume":"30","author":"Wesson","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.33","article-title":"Should olfactory dysfunction be used as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease?","volume":"10","author":"Wesson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701287408","article-title":"Odor identification in mild cognitive impairment subtypes","volume":"30","author":"Westervelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111391","article-title":"Olfactory measures as predictors of conversion to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Wheeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.155895","article-title":"Olfactory impairment is more marked in patients with mild dementia with Lewy bodies than those with mild Alzheimer disease","volume":"80","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.099721","article-title":"The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer's disease pathology and odour identification in old age","volume":"78","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.7.802","article-title":"Olfactory identification and incidence of mild cognitive impairment in older age","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04013.x","article-title":"Olfactory impairment in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1170","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjq139","article-title":"Lewy Bodies and Olfactory Dysfunction in Old Age","volume":"36","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemical Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28166","article-title":"Predictive value of olfactory impairment for cognitive decline among cognitively normal adults","volume":"130","author":"Windon","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000293","article-title":"Validation of olfactory deficit as a biomarker of Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Woodward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology. Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.06.004","article-title":"Olfactory identification deficit predicts white matter tract impairment in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"266","author":"Woodward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2018.02.008","article-title":"Odorant item specific olfactory identification deficit may differentiate alzheimer disease from aging","volume":"26","author":"Woodward","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Am Journal Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0001","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00842","article-title":"Brain structural correlates of odor identification in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease revealed by magnetic resonance imaging and a chinese olfactory identification test","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003558","article-title":"Olfaction and risk of dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults","volume":"88","author":"Yaffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.06.013","article-title":"Olfactory function and neuropsychological profile to differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A 5-year follow-up study","volume":"355","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.34.710","article-title":"Olfactory identification ability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"34","author":"Yoshitake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0122","first-page":"77","article-title":"Validation of Iranian Smell Identification Test for screening of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"29","author":"Zendehbad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol: Adult"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040631","article-title":"Local brain network alterations and olfactory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: An fMRI and graph-based study","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S104886","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167494324001018?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167494324001018?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T16:54:23Z","timestamp":1717347263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167494324001018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":163,"alternative-id":["S0167494324001018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4943","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105425","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105425"}}