{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:23:56Z","timestamp":1793658236581,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T18:56:46Z","timestamp":1739300206000},"page":"105783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Protein supplementation alone or combined with exercise for sarcopenia and physical frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7545-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatsugu","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Kuzuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S32356","article-title":"Physiological effects beyond the significant gain in muscle mass in sarcopenic elderly men: evidence from a randomized clinical trial using a protein-rich food","volume":"7","author":"Alem\u00e1n-Mateo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03439-z","article-title":"Healthcare cost expenditures associated to frailty and sarcopenia","volume":"22","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Bustos","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9324","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179324","article-title":"Effects of exergames and protein supplementation on body composition and musculoskeletal function of prefrail community-dwelling older women: A randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Biesek","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061866","article-title":"Supplementation with whey protein, omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols combined with electrical muscle stimulation increases muscle strength in elderly adults with limited mobility: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Boutry-Regard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0005","first-page":"67","article-title":"Nutritional interventions: dietary protein needs and influences on skeletal muscle of older adults","volume":"78","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on Sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105275","article-title":"The rising tsunami of poor muscle health and sarcopenia in Asia-Pacific: time for focused attention and targeted interventions","volume":"117","author":"Chew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153424","article-title":"Effectiveness of whey protein supplementation during resistance exercise training on skeletal muscle mass and strength in older people with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Cuyul-V\u00e1squez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1419229","article-title":"Critical variables regulating age-related anabolic responses to protein nutrition in skeletal muscle","volume":"11","author":"Deane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1139-9","article-title":"International Clinical Practice Guidelines for sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Dent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1273-z","article-title":"Physical frailty: ICFSR International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Identification and Management","volume":"23","author":"Dent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1333","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90562.2008","article-title":"Aging differentially affects human skeletal muscle microRNA expression at rest and after an anabolic stimulus of resistance exercise and essential amino acids","volume":"295","author":"Drummond","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00091","article-title":"Whey protein supplementation post resistance exercise in elderly men induces changes in muscle miRNA's compared to resistance exercise alone","volume":"6","author":"D'Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-015-2067-1","article-title":"The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afae052","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae052","article-title":"The conceptual definition of sarcopenia: delphi consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS)","volume":"53","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0016","first-page":"17","article-title":"Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes?","volume":"5","author":"Kwok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100184","article-title":"Improving sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of whey protein supplementation with or without resistance training","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0643","article-title":"Effects of nutrition supplementation and physical exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength and fat mass among sarcopenic elderly: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0019","article-title":"Advances in nutritional supplementation for sarcopenia management","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001255","article-title":"The effect of resistance training and different sources of postexercise protein supplementation on muscle mass and physical capacity in sarcopenic elderly men","volume":"30","author":"Maltais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01715-5","article-title":"Assessing the quality of evidence on safety: specifications for application and suggestions for adaptions of the GRADE-criteria in the context of preparing a list of potentially inappropriate medications for older adults","volume":"22","author":"Mathes","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Central Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0022","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of timing of whey protein supplementations after resistance exercise on the treatment of sarcopenia among elderly: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Descente Sports Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab011","article-title":"Dietary protein intake, kidney function, and survival in a nationally representative cohort","volume":"114","author":"Narasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.08.009","article-title":"Management of frailty: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Negm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.01.057","article-title":"Management of sarcopenia: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Negm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad018","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad018","article-title":"Higher dietary protein intake is associated with sarcopenia in older British twins","volume":"52","author":"Ni Lochlainn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8398","article-title":"Global Incidence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ofori-Asenso","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S391700","article-title":"Protein-added healthy lunch-boxes combined with exercise for improving physical fitness and vascular function in pre-frail older women: A community-based randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90245-2","article-title":"Benefits of nutritional supplementation in free-living, frail, undernourished elderly people: a prospective randomized community trial","volume":"102","author":"Payette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","article-title":"Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Petermann-Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.024","article-title":"Supplement-based nutritional strategies to tackle frailty: A multifactorial, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Roschel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.02.009","article-title":"Sarcopenia, physical rehabilitation and functional outcomes of patients in a subacute geriatric care unit","volume":"59","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00550-w","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"10","author":"Sayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05551-8","article-title":"Impact of multicomponent exercise and nutritional supplement interventions for improving physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sirikul","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad004","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad004","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for frailty: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.05.020","article-title":"Protein supplementation increases muscle mass gain during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Tieland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad058","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad058","article-title":"Frailty transitions and prevalence in an ageing population: longitudinal analysis of primary care data from an open cohort of adults aged 50 and over in England, 2006\u20132017","volume":"52","author":"Walsh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105596","article-title":"The Evolving Landscape of Sarcopenia in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis following the 2019 Asian working group for sarcopenia (AWGS) diagnostic criteria","volume":"128","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2024030","article-title":"The effectiveness of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise programs among community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Whaikid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.253203","article-title":"Effects of leucine and its metabolite \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism","volume":"591","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0041","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Dietary education with customised dishware and food supplements can reduce frailty and improve mental well-being in elderly people: A single-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.03.019","article-title":"Interventions for treating sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized Controlled studies","volume":"18","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.05.028","article-title":"Effects of a leucine-enriched amino acid supplement on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function in post-stroke patients with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.005","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with worse recovery of physical function and dysphagia and a lower rate of home discharge in Japanese hospitalized adults undergoing convalescent rehabilitation","volume":"61","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy179","article-title":"Effects of exercise and nutrition supplementation in community-dwelling older Chinese people with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016749432500041X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016749432500041X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T19:27:50Z","timestamp":1740511670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016749432500041X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S016749432500041X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4943","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Protein supplementation alone or combined with exercise for sarcopenia and physical frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105783"}}