{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:27:25Z","timestamp":1791289645186,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Medical Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,10]],"date-time":"2005-10-10T07:07:21Z","timestamp":1128928041000},"page":"689-696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":262,"title":["Global Warming and Infectious Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Atul A.","family":"Khasnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary D.","family":"Nettleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369008975775","article-title":"Strategies for adapting to the greenhouse effect","author":"Titus","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Planning Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib2","unstructured":"J. B. J. Fourier, M\u00e9m. de l'Ac. R. d. Sci. de l'Inst. de France, t. vii (1827)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib3","unstructured":"Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential Values\u2014Excerpt from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1999\u20132000. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, April 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib4","series-title":"Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1126\/science.247.4950.1558","article-title":"Precise monitoring of global temperature trends from satellites","volume":"247","author":"Spencer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5324.364","article-title":"Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe","volume":"277","author":"Easterling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/347169a0","article-title":"Assessment of urbanization effects in time series of surface air temperature over land","volume":"347","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1994)007<0184:VATOTP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Variability and trends of total precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada","volume":"7","author":"Groisman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib9","unstructured":"Climate. Environmental Protection Agency. (yosemite.epa.gov\/oar\/globalwarming.nsf\/content\/Climate.html)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0932734100","article-title":"Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO2, and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity","volume":"100","author":"Zavaleta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.26.110195.000245","article-title":"The concept of environmental sustainability","volume":"26","author":"Goodland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib12","unstructured":"Human Health. In: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. A Special Report of IPCC Working Group II. Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. November 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib13","unstructured":"Summary For Policymakers, The Regional Impacts Of Climate Change: An Assessment Of Vulnerability, A Special Report of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Environmental Protection Agency. 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.23.1.253","article-title":"Drinking water in developing countries","volume":"23","author":"Gadgil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Energy Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1080\/0960312031000102886","article-title":"Sanitation in the developing world: current status and future solutions","volume":"13","author":"Cairncross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15599-2","article-title":"Diarrhoea in children: an interface between developing and developed countries","volume":"363","author":"Thapar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2004.0001","article-title":"A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries","volume":"2","author":"Gundry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib18","first-page":"609","article-title":"Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma","volume":"69","author":"Esrey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.11.3435S","article-title":"Feeding the world in the coming decades requires improvements in investment, technology and institutions","volume":"132","author":"Haddad","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.504","article-title":"Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties","volume":"277","author":"Matson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(03)00146-7","article-title":"Global estimation of crop productivity and the impacts of global warming by GIS and EPIC integration","volume":"168","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol Modelling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005392517715","article-title":"Impacts of a GHG-induced climate change on crop yields: effects of acceleration in maturation, moisture stress and optimal temperature","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clima Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92251-N","article-title":"Food supply and the risk of hunger","volume":"342","author":"Parry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib24","series-title":"The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib25","first-page":"16","article-title":"The unfinished climate business after Kyoto","volume":"275","author":"Environmental Data Services","year":"1997","journal-title":"ENDS Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib26","series-title":"United Nations. World urbanization prospects, 1990","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0102.950201","article-title":"Travel and the emergence of infectious diseases","volume":"1","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0101.950102","article-title":"Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases","volume":"1","author":"Morse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/415710a","article-title":"Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria","volume":"415","author":"Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0601.000101","article-title":"From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the Little Ice Age","volume":"6","author":"Reiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0403.980313","article-title":"Malaria: a reemerging disease in Africa","volume":"4","author":"Nchinda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.174","article-title":"Do malaria control interventions reach the poor? A view through the equity lens","volume":"7","author":"Barat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14898-2","article-title":"Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa","volume":"362","author":"Tanser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/415670a","article-title":"Malaria in 2002","volume":"415","author":"Greenwood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-7-200410050-00012","article-title":"Malaria-related deaths among U.S. travelers, 1963\u20132001","volume":"141","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.168","article-title":"Public and private roles in malaria control: the contributions of economic analysis","volume":"71","author":"Hanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib37","series-title":"Manson's Tropical Diseases","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Malaria","author":"White","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/07900629948952","article-title":"Control of malaria mosquito breeding through irrigation water management","volume":"15","author":"Matsuno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Water Resources Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00109-1","article-title":"Water management for controlling the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in rice irrigation schemes in Kenya","volume":"76","author":"Mutero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2003259","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"93","author":"Bayoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.746","article-title":"Endophilic Anopheles mosquitoes in Guinea Bissau, West Africa, in relation to human housing conditions","volume":"41","author":"P\u00e5lsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib42","first-page":"459","article-title":"Effect of larval breeding conditions on the morphological, ovarian and behavioral characteristics of Anopheles pharoensis of the emerged females","volume":"21","author":"el-Akad","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0403.980326","article-title":"Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem","volume":"4","author":"Gubler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2283-JMS0501-3-1","article-title":"MSJAMA: global climate change and health: challenges for future practitioners","volume":"287","author":"Patz","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14695-8","article-title":"El Nino and health","volume":"362","author":"Kovats","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.1.99","article-title":"Health effects of climate change","volume":"291","author":"Haines","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib47","first-page":"489","article-title":"Coupling between annual and ENSO timescales in the malaria-climate association in Colombia","volume":"109","author":"Poveda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04388-9","article-title":"Uncertain impact of global warming on disease","volume":"357","author":"McCarthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7372.1094","article-title":"Hotspots in climate change and human health","volume":"325","author":"Patz","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/415905a","article-title":"Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands","volume":"415","author":"Hay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5426.397","article-title":"Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya","volume":"285","author":"Linthicum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.136","article-title":"The burden of malaria epidemics and cost-effectiveness of interventions in epidemic situations in Africa","volume":"71","author":"Worrall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.646","article-title":"Precipitation and temperature effects on populations of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for range expansion","volume":"38","author":"Alto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.109-1240669","article-title":"Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases","volume":"109","author":"Gubler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000400002","article-title":"Seasonal pattern of abundance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Buenos Aires City, Argentina","volume":"99","author":"Vezzani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR. Mosquito surveillance for West Nile Virus in Connecticut, 2000: isolation from Culex pipiens, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius, and Culiseta melanura. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:670\u2013674.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017413"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/31.3.323","article-title":"The potential effect of global warming on mosquito-borne arboviruses","volume":"31","author":"Reeves","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib58","article-title":"Evidence that climate change has caused emergence of tick-borne diseases in Europe","author":"Randolph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212467899","article-title":"A human disease indicator for the effects of recent global climate change","volume":"99","author":"Patz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Archives of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0188440905001517?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0188440905001517?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T19:31:46Z","timestamp":1759260706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0188440905001517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0188440905001517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0188-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0188-4409","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global Warming and Infectious Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Medical Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 IMSS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}