{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:21:45Z","timestamp":1779006105315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V028561\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V028561\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Medical Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T05:34:38Z","timestamp":1738388078000},"page":"103154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Engaging Communities in Health Promotion through Community-Based Primary Care and Participatory Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Leyns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ascarrunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Rasguido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8145-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Guitian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.028","article-title":"Personal and political histories in the designing of health reform policy in Bolivia","volume":"177","author":"Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01442-1","article-title":"A. Needs and resources of people with type 2 diabetes in peri-urban Cochabamba, Bolivia: a people-centered perspective","volume":"20","author":"Leyns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sir\u00e9n S. The Politics of Universal Health Coverage: mechanisms in the Process of Healthcare Reform in Bolivia. In 2022. pp. 369\u2013401.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91088-4_12"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32664-7","article-title":"Bolivia's new health minister promises universal health care","volume":"396","author":"Booth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0005","series-title":"Sistema Nacional de Informaci\u00f3n en Salud - Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0006","first-page":"86","article-title":"Colinas y llanuras en la recomposici\u00f3n del Movimiento al Socialismo en Bolivia","volume":"40","author":"Ari\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Sociedad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592721001183","article-title":"Legitimacy and Policy during Crises: subnational COVID-19 Responses in Bolivia","volume":"20","author":"Velasco-Guachalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives on Politics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Results of the exploration and comprehensive health approach to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in the markets of the municipality of Sacaba (Cochabamba, Bolivia). Memoir 2020\u20132023","author":"Ascarrunz Mendivil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochabamba"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0009","article-title":"Qual o papel da Aten\u00e7\u00e3o Prim\u00e1ria \u00e0 Sa\u00fade diante da pandemia provocada pela COVID-19?","volume":"29","author":"Sarti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00728-x","article-title":"From Ebola to COVID-19: emergency preparedness and response plans and actions in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Abayomi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1533","article-title":"Importance of Community-Level Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"105","author":"Owoyemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13495","article-title":"Working with communities: meeting the health needs of those living in vulnerable communities when Primary Health Care and Universal Health Care are not available","volume":"27","author":"DeHaven","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0013","first-page":"437","article-title":"Application of epidemiology in community oriented primary care","volume":"99","author":"Abramson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.11.1725","article-title":"Roots, shoots, but too little fruit: assessing the contribution of COPC in South Africa","volume":"92","author":"Tollman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0015","series-title":"Declaration of Alma-Ata","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02032-z","article-title":"From disease- to people-centred pandemic management: organized communities, community-oriented primary care and health information systems","volume":"22","author":"Leyns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0017","series-title":"Bolivia: Refounding the Nation","author":"Artaraz","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3828\/tpr.2020.38","article-title":"Planning and informal food traders under COVID-19: the South African case","volume":"92","author":"Skinner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Town Planning Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busso M, Camacho J, Messina J, et al. The Challenge of Protecting Informal Households during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Latin America. Washington, D.C.; 2020.","DOI":"10.18235\/0002388"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02895","article-title":"Infection Risk Assessment of COVID-19 through Aerosol Transmission: a Case Study of South China Seafood Market","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.15406\/sij.2020.04.00232","article-title":"The resilience of informal workers to COVID19 and to the difficulties of trade","volume":"4","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol Int J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0022","unstructured":"[Law on municipalities]. 1999. La Paz: honorable Congreso Nacional. Available from: https:\/\/www.lexivox.org\/norms\/BO-l-2028.html. (Accessed April 9, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0023","unstructured":"[Law on social participation and control]. 2013. La Paz: Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional. Available from: https:\/\/www.lexivox.org\/norms\/BO-l-N341.html. (Accessed April 9, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.11.1713","article-title":"Community-oriented primary care: a path to community development","volume":"92","author":"Geiger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0025","unstructured":"Morales-Ayma E. Modelo de Atenci\u00f3n y el Modelo de Gesti\u00f3n en Salud en el marco de la Salud Familiar Comunitaria Intercultural \u2014 SAFCI. 2008. La Paz: decreto Supremo. Available from: https:\/\/www.lexivox.org\/norms\/BO-DS-29601.html. (Accessed April 9, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.616763","article-title":"Community participation approaches for effective national COVID-19 pandemic preparedness and response: an experience from Oman","volume":"8","author":"Al Siyabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01218-z","article-title":"Health equity and COVID-19: global perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Shadmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0028","unstructured":"Marmot M. Fair society, healthy lives: strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010 The Marmot Review. London. Available from: https:\/\/www.instituteofhealthequity.org\/resources-reports\/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review. (Accessed May 1, 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review","volume":"44","author":"Hill-Briggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/systems9030052","article-title":"Social determinants of health influencing the New Zealand COVID-19 Response and Recovery: a scoping review and causal loop diagram","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0031","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1afiel ML, Ram\u00edrez-\u00c1vila GM. Epidemiological projections for COVID-19 considering lockdown policies and social behavior: the case of Bolivia. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.06345, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0032","article-title":"Khapaj Ni\u00f1o y Mallku Usu: crisis pol\u00edtica y crisis sanitaria en la Bolivia andina: respuestas ind\u00edgenas","volume":"4","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maloca: Revista de Estudos Ind\u00edgenas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0033","unstructured":"Defensoria del Pueblo. Informe Defensorial: crisis de estado, violaci\u00f3n de los derechos humanos en Bolivia: octubre\u2013diciembre 2019. La Paz; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.defensoria.gob.bo\/uploads\/files\/crisis-de-estadoviolacion-de-los-derechos-humanos-en-bolivia-octubre-diciembre-2019.pdf. (Accessed October 30, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyns C, McClenaghan E, Rodriguez P, et al. Hybrid, vaccine-induced and natural immunity against Sars-Cov-2 in traditional food markets in Bolivia (2020\u20132022): a cross-sectional analysis of a Serological Survey. 2024.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4962977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7189(89)90016-5","article-title":"An introduction to concept mapping for planning and evaluation","volume":"12","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2012.02017.x","article-title":"Nominal group technique: an effective method for obtaining group consensus","volume":"18","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2016.08.018","article-title":"R-CMap\u2014An open-source software for concept mapping","volume":"60","author":"Bar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kane M, Trochim W. Concept Mapping For Planning and Evaluation. 1st ed. Bickman L, Rog D, editors. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE publications 2007;50:1\u2013200.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983730"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-014-9161-z","article-title":"Ward's Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Method: which Algorithms Implement Ward's Criterion?","volume":"31","author":"Murtagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Classif"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2021.v111i8.15786","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on routine primary healthcare services in South Africa","volume":"111","author":"Pillay","year":"2021","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czv013","article-title":"Primary health care research in Bolivia: systematic review and analysis","volume":"31","author":"Alvarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw038","article-title":"Analysis of the enablers of capacities to produce primary health care-based reforms in Latin America: a multiple case study","volume":"33","author":"B\u00e1scolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00343-X","article-title":"Deliberations about deliberative methods: issues in the design and evaluation of public participation processes","volume":"57","author":"Abelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v5i1.477","article-title":"Community oriented primary care in Tshwane District, South Africa: assessing the first phase of implementation","volume":"5","author":"Kinkel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0045","first-page":"900","article-title":"Emergency medical care in developing countries: is it worthwhile?","volume":"80","author":"Razzak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61854-5","article-title":"Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world","volume":"376","author":"Frenk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2013.10.031","article-title":"Knowledge is not power for patients: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of patient-reported barriers and facilitators to shared decision making","volume":"94","author":"Joseph-Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-019-01294-8","article-title":"From community-based to locally led adaptation: evidence from Vanuatu","volume":"49","author":"Westoby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.11.1748","article-title":"Community-oriented primary care: new relevance in a changing world","volume":"92","author":"Mullan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026174","article-title":"Mano a Mano: improving health in impoverished Bolivian communities through community-based participatory research","volume":"29","author":"Velasquez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fam Syst Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/tjds.v8i2.60432","article-title":"Value-added of community participation in health development in Morogoro Municipal Council","volume":"8","author":"Ndunguru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tanzania. J Dev Stud"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-11-S2-S3","article-title":"Reducing inequalities in health and access to health care in a rural Indian community: an India-Canada collaborative action research project","volume":"11","author":"Haddad","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0053","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities Movement in the region of the Americas. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/healthy-municipalities-cities-and-communities-movement. (Accessed April 9, 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003188","article-title":"Community engagement for COVID-19 prevention and control: a rapid evidence synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Gilmore","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Archives of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0188440924002054?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0188440924002054?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,14]],"date-time":"2025-09-14T08:12:49Z","timestamp":1757837569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0188440924002054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0188440924002054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154","relation":{},"ISSN":["0188-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0188-4409","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Engaging Communities in Health Promotion through Community-Based Primary Care and Participatory Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bolivia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Medical Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103154","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103154"}}