{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:50:08Z","timestamp":1792068608042,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives de P\u00e9diatrie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T09:53:11Z","timestamp":1784973191000},"page":"105581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics and co-infection patterns of human metapneumovirus infection in children under 5 years of age"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montaha","family":"Al-Iede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmeen R.","family":"Olimat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen M.","family":"Alhadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4399-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina M.","family":"Siaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujain M.","family":"Jaloodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Ali","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layan J.","family":"AbuAdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3631-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad K.","family":"Khashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3076-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawaby H.","family":"Aldameiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Al-Zayadneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0001","article-title":"A re-emerging respiratory virus: human metapneumovirus (hMPV)","volume":"17","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.08.007","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in China, 2017 to 2019: a multicentre prospective observational study","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.10.002","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and association with meteorological factors of human metapneumovirus infection in children in southern China: a 10-year retrospective study","volume":"137","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004221","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized children in two consecutive postpandemic years","volume":"43","author":"Steinberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00973-3","article-title":"Multicenter epidemiological investigation and genetic characterization of respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections in the pre-pandemic 2018-2019 season in northern and central Italy","volume":"23","author":"Pierangeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004217","article-title":"Head-to-head comparison between respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus bronchiolitis in the setting of increased viral testing","volume":"43","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.480","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in hospitalized young children","volume":"72","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04208-6","article-title":"Burden of human metapneumovirus infections among children with acute respiratory tract infections attending a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu","volume":"23","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0009","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of human metapneumovirus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in China, 2017 to 2019: a multicentre prospective observational study","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020085","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus: etiological agent of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitalized and deceased patients with a negative diagnosis of influenza","volume":"9","author":"Barrera-Badillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204630","article-title":"Burden of human metapneumovirus infection in young children","volume":"368","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30393-4","article-title":"Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42692-z","article-title":"A decade of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection: molecular epidemiology in central Vietnam, 2007-2017","volume":"13","author":"Otomaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116809","article-title":"Global impact of hMPV virus: transmission, pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment","volume":"112","author":"Porwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913556","article-title":"Single-dose nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in preterm infants","volume":"383","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110275","article-title":"Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in healthy late-preterm and term infants","volume":"386","author":"Hammitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70515","article-title":"Shifting viral landscapes: the impact of respiratory syncytial virus immunization in infant bronchiolitis during 2024-2025 epidemic season in France","volume":"97","author":"Petat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1086\/379200","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients","volume":"188","author":"Van Den Hoogen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/89098","article-title":"A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease","volume":"7","author":"Van Den Hoogen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02782-y","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 2025: emerging trends and insights from community and hospital-based respiratory panel analyses\u2014a comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0021","first-page":"41","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus in the preterm neonate: current perspectives","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Rep Neonatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00152","article-title":"Breastfeeding and respiratory infections in the first 6 months of life: a case control study","volume":"7","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701417","article-title":"Secondhand smoke induces inflammation and impairs immunity to respiratory infections","volume":"200","author":"Bhat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1012873","article-title":"A chimeric influenza virus vaccine expressing fusion protein epitopes induces protection from human metapneumovirus challenge in mice","volume":"13","author":"Chongyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000126401.21779.74","article-title":"Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in Norwegian children","volume":"23","author":"D\u00f8llner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25044","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age in Pakistan","volume":"90","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02376-0","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 96 pediatric human metapneumovirus infections in Henan, China after COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-011-0677-5","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in acute respiratory infection: a clinic-based study in Egypt","volume":"79","author":"Yahia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000892","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus infection in Jordanian children: epidemiology and risk factors for severe disease","volume":"34","author":"Schuster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24687","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and viral load of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus in children hospitaled for acute lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"89","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040316","article-title":"Respiratory viral coinfections: insights into epidemiology, immune response, pathology, and clinical outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Babawale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.070251","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus infections in children","volume":"14","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103480","article-title":"The prevalence and role of human metapneumovirus in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data","volume":"88","author":"Khales","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28024","article-title":"Epidemiology and genetic characterization of human metapneumovirus in pediatric patients from Hangzhou China","volume":"94","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.17816\/PED11513-19","article-title":"Metapneumovirus infection in children","volume":"11","author":"Sharipova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrician (St Petersburg)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105386","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China","volume":"106","author":"Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002920","article-title":"Human metapneumovirus infections are associated with severe morbidity in hospitalized children of all ages","volume":"141","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040641","article-title":"Exploring clinical predictors of severe human metapneumovirus respiratory tract infections in children: insights from a recent outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Veronese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0191-2020","article-title":"Early origins of lung disease: towards an interdisciplinary approach","volume":"29","author":"Ubags","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respirat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102763","article-title":"The role of epithelial damage in the pulmonary immune response","volume":"10","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415847-4.00053-7","article-title":"Virus infection of airway epithelial cells","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Alexander-Brett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041804","article-title":"Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans as a model of immune-mediated airway fibrosis: a pediatric case report","volume":"27","author":"Terracciano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.71080","article-title":"Outbreak of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) after Adenovirus infection: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"60","author":"Traunero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12147","article-title":"Infections and their role in childhood asthma inception","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.008","article-title":"Recurrent wheezing in children following human metapneumovirus infection","volume":"142","author":"Coverstone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11121-z","article-title":"Factors affecting the severity of respiratory infections: a hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1194-5","article-title":"High antibiotic prescription rates in hospitalized children with human metapneumovirus infection in comparison to RSV infection emphasize the value of point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"47","author":"Schreiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7021943","article-title":"Albuterol use in children hospitalized with human metapneumovirus respiratory infection","volume":"2016","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v13.i4.98600","article-title":"Insights from respiratory virus co-infections","volume":"13","author":"Georgakopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0050","article-title":"Comparison of the clinical features of human bocavirus and metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Suzhou","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.11.012","article-title":"Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of human metapneumovirus in pediatric patients across six consecutive seasons in Beijing, China","volume":"91","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz697","article-title":"Clinical features, epidemiology, and climatic impact of genotype-specific human metapneumovirus infections: long-term surveillance of hospitalized patients in South Korea","volume":"70","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03693-x","article-title":"Paramyxoviruses respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric hospitalized patients and climate correlation in a subtropical region of southern China: a 7-year survey","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Archives de P\u00e9diatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0929693X26001272?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0929693X26001272?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:10:48Z","timestamp":1792066248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0929693X26001272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0929693X26001272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-693X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-693X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical characteristics and co-infection patterns of human metapneumovirus infection in children under 5 years of age","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives de P\u00e9diatrie","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcped.2026.105581","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de p\u00e9diatrie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105581"}}