{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:16:12Z","timestamp":1790828172049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":295,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:16:01Z","timestamp":1768436161000},"page":"103026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Nanotechnology-based advancements in Parkinson's therapy: Exploring animal models and clinical insights in neurodegenerative disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Dnyandev G.","family":"Gadhave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha V.","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya P.","family":"Kade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onkar R.","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vrashabh V.","family":"Sugandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal B.","family":"Babar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Khot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrakant R.","family":"Kokare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3591-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keshav Raj","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102466","article-title":"Nano revolution in cardiovascular health: Nanoparticles (NPs) as tiny titans for diagnosis and therapeutics","volume":"49","author":"Abid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00524G","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles for dopamine and levodopa replacement in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Alabrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123230","article-title":"Novel liposomal formulations for protection and delivery of levodopa: Structure-properties correlation","volume":"643","author":"Allegritti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.03.009","article-title":"Metabolic Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Bioenergetics, Redox Homeostasis and Central Carbon Metabolism","volume":"133","author":"Anandhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.010","article-title":"Loss of enteric dopaminergic neurons and associated changes in colon motility in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"207","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib6","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Depression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Updated Review","volume":"59","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. (Kaunas. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182908","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Parkinson\u2019s Disease-From Neurodegeneration to Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172838","article-title":"Literature review and meta-analysis of environmental toxins associated with increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"931","author":"Aravindan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-4-1998","article-title":"Enhanced dopamine synthesis and release in vitro in the median eminence of rat hypothalamus are associated with involution of estradiol-induced pituitary tumors","volume":"124","author":"Arita","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib10","article-title":"Quinone Formation as Dopaminergic Neuron-speci\ufb01c Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson\u02bcs Disease and Neurotoxin-induced Parkinsonism","volume":"58","author":"Asanuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28628","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Development of Stem-Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neuronal Transplant Therapies for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"36","author":"Barbuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10291-x","article-title":"Nanoparticles for drug delivery in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"268","author":"Baskin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.004","article-title":"The Function of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"79","author":"Bendor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13570","article-title":"The contribution of alpha synuclein to neuronal survival and function \u2013 Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"137","author":"Benskey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113693","article-title":"An extended release GLP-1 analogue increases \u03b1-synuclein accumulation in a mouse model of prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"341","author":"Bergkvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.07.025","article-title":"Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases; a mechanistic insight","volume":"74","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.04.015","article-title":"The 6-hydroxydopamine model: News from the past","volume":"14","author":"Blandini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/845618","article-title":"Classic and new animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2012","author":"Blesa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib20","article-title":"Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease in 2012: Relevant Clinical Aspects","volume":"2012","author":"Bonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. \u2019S. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib21","first-page":"37","article-title":"Side effects of a dopamine agonist therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a mini-review of clinical pharmacology","volume":"89","author":"Borovac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.004","article-title":"Neuronanomedicine for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current progress and a guide to improve clinical translation","volume":"115","author":"Boyton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain, Behav., Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3474","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","author":"Bratsos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus 10, e3474"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.03.005","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic, neurochemical, stereological and neuropathological studies on the potential effects of paraquat in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum of male C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"37","author":"Breckenridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.10.002","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein misfolding and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1822","author":"Breydo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01192-5","article-title":"Paraquat elicited neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dopaminergic neuron loss","volume":"823","author":"Brooks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.006","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and function in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"218","author":"B\u00fceler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42045","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c04862","article-title":"Nanophytomedicines as Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Burns","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150642","article-title":"The Synaptic Function of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"5","author":"Burr\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"JPD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049867r","article-title":"Rotenone, Deguelin, Their Metabolites, and the Rat Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Caboni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-016-0093-4","article-title":"Effects and molecular mechanism of chitosan-coated levodopa nanoliposomes on behavior of dyskinesia rats","volume":"49","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00661-z","article-title":"Apomorphine for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Efficacy and Safety of Current and New Formulations","volume":"33","author":"Carbone","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03769-y","article-title":"Quality of life and living with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a qualitative exploration within an Irish context","volume":"24","author":"Cassidy","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.01.010","article-title":"Industrial toxicants and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Caudle","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13893","article-title":"Investigation of nerve pathways mediating colorectal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease model produced by lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons","volume":"32","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2023.05","article-title":"Hijacking intercellular trafficking for the spread of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases: a focus on tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)","volume":"4","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extra Vesicles Circ. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.136","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for Parkinson disease: beyond dopaminergic drugs","volume":"17","author":"Charvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib38","article-title":"Engineered exosomes for cancer theranostics: Next-generation tumor targeting","volume":"85","author":"Chavda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R169","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp326","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics-fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy-in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib40","article-title":"Exposure to the Functional Bacterial Amyloid Protein Curli Enhances Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Aged Fischer 344 Rats and Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00839-6","article-title":"Gut microenvironmental changes as a potential trigger in Parkinson\u2019s disease through the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45276","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b16047","article-title":"Nanoparticles Mediating the Sustained Puerarin Release Facilitate Improved Brain Delivery to Treat Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.034","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on the Mouse MPTP\/MPP+ Model of Dopaminergic Neuron Injury","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib44","first-page":"22","article-title":"In vivo alpha-synuclein overexpression in rodents: A useful model of Parkinson\u2019s disease? Experimental Neurology","volume":"209","author":"Chesselet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Role \u03b1-synuclein Pathog. Park. \u2019S. Dis. \/ Gene Ther. Park. \u2019S."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012952","article-title":"Safety of AADC Gene Therapy for Moderately Advanced Parkinson Disease","volume":"98","author":"Christine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040612","article-title":"Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Church","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.03.018","article-title":"Systemic exposure to paraquat and maneb models early Parkinson\u2019s disease in young adult rats","volume":"20","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxae042","article-title":"Advancing Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment: cell replacement therapy with neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"42","author":"Clark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib49","unstructured":"Clene Nanomedicine, 2024. A Phase 2, Pilot Open Label, Sequential Group, Investigator Blinded Study of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to Assess the Effects of CNM-Au8 for the Bioenergetic Improvement of Impaired Neuronal Redox State in Parkinson's Disease (Clinical trial registration No. NCT03815916). clinicaltrials.gov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16766","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316766","article-title":"The Role of Immune Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Development","volume":"24","author":"Cossu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071042","article-title":"PLGA-Based Nanoparticles for Neuroprotective Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Cunha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111302","article-title":"Effects of gold nanoparticles administration through behavioral and oxidative parameters in animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"196","author":"da Silva C\u00f3rneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-76","article-title":"Drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Should success in clinical management be a function of improvement of motor repertoire rather than amplitude of dyskinesia?","volume":"11","author":"Daneault","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.034","article-title":"Genetic Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"66","author":"Dawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.02.012","article-title":"Comparison of the behavioural and histological characteristics of the 6-OHDA and \u03b1-synuclein rat models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"235","author":"Decressac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23890","article-title":"Timing of Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: A Need for Reappraisal?","volume":"73","author":"DeSouza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib57","first-page":"461","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Park. \u2019S. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101263","article-title":"Oxidative stress and regulated cell death in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"67","author":"Dion\u00edsio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/mp800032f","article-title":"Preclinical Studies To Understand Nanoparticle Interaction with the Immune System and Its Potential Effects on Nanoparticle Biodistribution","volume":"5","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.590354","article-title":"Assessment of Neuroprotective Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation in a Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rat Model by Fractional Anisotropy and Relaxation Time T2\u2217 Value","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01353-3","article-title":"Signaling pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Dong-Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib62","first-page":"41","article-title":"Rasagiline combined with levodopa therapy versus levodopa monotherapy for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review","author":"Dq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci.: Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2022.2056446","article-title":"Stereotaxic-assisted gene therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases: therapeutic potentials and clinical frontiers","volume":"22","author":"El Ganainy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020533","article-title":"Investigating the Targeting Power to Brain Tissues of Intranasal Rasagiline Mesylate-Loaded Transferosomal In Situ Gel for Efficient Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"ElShagea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.181989","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein structure, functions, and interactions","volume":"21","author":"Emamzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20916","article-title":"Synaptic vesicle trafficking and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Esposito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.10.029","article-title":"A 12-month, dose-level blinded safety and efficacy study of levodopa inhalation powder (CVT-301, Inbrija) in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Farbman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03298-y","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice and seed extract in paraquat-induced mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Fathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2023.105958","article-title":"Overlapping and unique brain responses to cognitive and response inhibition","volume":"166","author":"Feola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122372","article-title":"Nose-to-brain delivery of octreotide acetate in situ gel for pituitary adenoma: Pharmacological and in vitro cytotoxicity studies","volume":"629","author":"Gadhave","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123566","article-title":"A Nanoemulgel for Nose-to-Brain delivery of Quetiapine \u2013 QbD-Enabled formulation development & in-vitro characterization","volume":"648","author":"Gadhave","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125632","article-title":"Quality by design enabled development & in-vitro assessment of a Nanoemulgel formulation for Nose-to-Brain delivery of Nintedanib for glioblastoma multiforme treatment","author":"Gadhave","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-025-01119-5","article-title":"A Microemulsion for Oral Delivery of Nintedanib \u2013 QbD-Enabled Formulation Development, In-Vitro Characterization & In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Assessment","volume":"27","author":"Gadhave","year":"2025","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2019.1576724","article-title":"Nanostructured lipid carriers engineered for intranasal delivery of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis: optimization and in vivo studies","volume":"45","author":"Gadhave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131491","article-title":"Mucoadhesive chitosan-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for intranasal delivery of quetiapine \u2013 Development & characterization in physiologically relevant 3D tissue models","volume":"267","author":"Gadhave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102357","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders: Mechanisms of degeneration and therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance","volume":"99","author":"Gadhave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148674","article-title":"Potential biomaterials and experimental animal models for inventing new drug delivery approaches in the neurodegenerative disorder: Multiple sclerosis","volume":"1822","author":"Gadhave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib78","unstructured":"Gandhi, K.R., Saadabadi, A., 2024. Levodopa (L-Dopa), in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0860-4","article-title":"GBA-Associated Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Other Synucleinopathies","volume":"18","author":"Gan-Or","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.12.013","article-title":"Gold nanoclusters for Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment","volume":"194","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib81","unstructured":"Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 2013. A Phase1 Open Label Safety Study of Intrastriatal Infusion of Adeno-Associated Virus Encoding Human Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AAV-hAADC-2) in Subjects With Parkinson's Disease [AAV-hAADC-2-003] (Clinical trial registration No. NCT00229736). clinicaltrials.gov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.021","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein aggregation and its modulation","volume":"100","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbj.2017.01.006","article-title":"Statins as anti-inflammatory agents: A potential therapeutic role in sight-threatening non-infectious uveitis","volume":"2","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Porto Biomed. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.271","article-title":"Design of surface tailored carboxymethyl dextran-protein based nanoconjugates for paclitaxel: Spectroscopical characterizations and cytotoxicity assay","volume":"222","author":"Girase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.165","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease - the story of an eponym","volume":"14","author":"Goedert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2782-8","article-title":"Serum glutathione peroxidase, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde levels in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e \u00c7okal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020371","article-title":"Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update","volume":"10","author":"Gouda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54671","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Therapy: A Focus on Plant-Based Green Synthesis","author":"Grancharova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus 16, e54671"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020926","article-title":"Severe Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Agricultural Profession: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"19","author":"Grosselin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102577","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: Current insights and future directions","volume":"102","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094508","article-title":"Pathophysiological Features of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons in Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Guatteo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156547","article-title":"Lactoferrin-modified organic-inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica for co-delivery of levodopa and curcumin in the synergistic treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"140","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.103923","article-title":"Striving for normality\u2019 when coping with Parkinson\u2019s disease in everyday life: A metasynthesis","volume":"118","author":"Haahr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1039\/c2mt20164j","article-title":"Metallobiology of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Hare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13541","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"292","author":"Hariz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.06.001","article-title":"Application of modelling and nanotechnology-based approaches: The emergence of breakthroughs in theranostics of central nervous system disorders","volume":"182","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22343","article-title":"Double-blind trial of levodopa\/carbidopa\/entacapone versus levodopa\/carbidopa in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Hauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04118-1","article-title":"Comprehensive insights into mechanism of nanotoxicity, assessment methods and regulatory challenges of nanomedicines","volume":"19","author":"Havelikar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111024","article-title":"Advances in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"215","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11068-006-8728-y","article-title":"Reduction in parvalbumin expression in the zona incerta after 6OHDA lesion in rats","volume":"34","author":"Heise","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0924","article-title":"Mitochondrial biology and oxidative stress in Parkinson disease pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Henchcliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27562","article-title":"Anle138b modulates \u03b1-synuclein oligomerization and prevents motor decline and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy","volume":"34","author":"Heras-Garvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib103","first-page":"533","article-title":"The 6-hydroxydopamine model and parkinsonian pathophysiology: Novel findings in an older model","volume":"32","author":"Hernandez-Baltazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. \u00eda (Engl. Ed. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib104","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxin-Induced and Genetic Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2011","author":"Hisahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Park. \u2019S. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib105","article-title":"Dopamine receptors and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2011","author":"Hisahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J. Med Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-019-0012-2","article-title":"Comparative analysis of dose-dependent neurotoxic response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL\/6\u2009N mice derived from three different sources","volume":"35","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03193-8","article-title":"Rotenone-Induced Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Beyond Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition","volume":"60","author":"Ibarra-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.991400","article-title":"Design, characterization, and evaluation of intranasal delivery of ropinirole-loaded mucoadhesive nanoparticles for brain targeting","volume":"41","author":"Jafarieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9361","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169361","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles: Promising Treatment Approach for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Jagaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26049","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s D isease, the S ubthalamic N ucleus, I nhibition, and I mpulsivity","volume":"30","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00668-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SNARE proteins in membrane fusion","volume":"25","author":"Jahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1211603","article-title":"Recent advances in nanomedicine preparative methods and their therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer: a critical review","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01555","article-title":"Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Targeting \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Models","volume":"9","author":"Javed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122565","article-title":"Pathological Functions of LRRK2 in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3393191","article-title":"Physical Therapy for at Least 6 Months Improves Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Patients: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.07.005","article-title":"Oxidative stress: A major pathogenesis and potential therapeutic target of antioxidative agents in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"147","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.12.002","article-title":"An update on the rotenone models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Their ability to reproduce the features of clinical disease and model gene\u2013environment interactions","volume":"46","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0742-4","article-title":"Liposome-based targeting of dopamine to the brain: a novel approach for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Kahana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0742-4","article-title":"Liposome-based targeting of dopamine to the brain: a novel approach for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Kahana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110096","article-title":"Revolutionizing neurotherapeutics: Nanocarriers unveiling the potential of phytochemicals in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"259","author":"Kamath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119704","article-title":"Lipid-based nanodelivery approaches for dopamine-replacement therapies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: From preclinical to translational studies","volume":"232","author":"Karthivashan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200606233050","article-title":"Dysregulation of the Gut-Brain Axis, Dysbiosis and Influence of Numerous Factors on Gut Microbiota Associated Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"CN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.08.006","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases linked to misfolded proteins and their therapeutic approaches: A review","volume":"124","author":"Khanam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142861","article-title":"Nose-to-brain delivery of sorafenib-loaded lipid-based poloxamer-carrageenan nanoemulgel: Formulation and therapeutic investigation in glioblastoma-induced orthotopic rat model","volume":"309","author":"Khot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25150","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Evidence for environmental risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Kieburtz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00900","article-title":"Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"418","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.673708","article-title":"Partners in Leaky Gut Syndrome: Intestinal Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity","volume":"12","author":"Kinashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101618","article-title":"Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Kip","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2019.1659818","article-title":"Efavirenz-loaded intranasal microemulsion for crossing blood-CNS interfaces in neuronal-AIDS: pharmacokinetic and in vivo safety evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Kokare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib130","first-page":"2353","article-title":"Early-Onset Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Creating the Right Environment for a Genetic Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Kolicheski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. \u2019S. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib131","series-title":"in: Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects [Internet]","article-title":"Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","author":"Konnova","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8072980","article-title":"Features of Microglia and Neuroinflammation Relevant to Environmental Exposure and Neurotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Kraft","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-024-03794-z","article-title":"Development and In-Vitro Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Methacrylate Gelatin (GelMa)-Acrylamide Hydrogels for the Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"41","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00207","article-title":"Delivery of Dual Drug Loaded Lipid Based Nanoparticles across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Impart Enhanced Neuroprotection in a Rotenone Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Kundu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib135","article-title":"The effect of deep brain stimulation on the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a critical review of the current evidence","volume":"3","author":"Kurtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20210026","article-title":"Animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a guide to selecting the optimal model for your research","volume":"5","author":"Lama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds143","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein expression and Nrf2 deficiency cooperate to aggravate protein aggregation, neuronal death and inflammation in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Lastres-Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2015.1062877","article-title":"Targeting \u03b1-synuclein as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Lawand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0124-5","article-title":"MPTP-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia plays a central role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00457","article-title":"Dysfunction of Cellular Proteostasis in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24927","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of deep brain stimulation for poststroke pain","volume":"81","author":"Lempka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26082","article-title":"Levodopa therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"30","author":"LeWitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib143","unstructured":"Leyden, E., Tadi, P., 2024. Carbidopa, in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092233","article-title":"Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery Strategy for Enhancing Oncotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110733","article-title":"Paraquat increases Interleukin-1\u03b2 in hippocampal dentate gyrus to impair hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice","volume":"200","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111657","article-title":"Role of gold nanoparticle from Cinnamomum verum against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mice model","volume":"201","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70048-6","article-title":"MR-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"12","author":"Lipsman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7573","article-title":"The Role of Early Life Environmental Risk Factors in Parkinson Disease: What Is the Evidence?","volume":"113","author":"Logroscino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-17","article-title":"The Parkinsonian mimetic, 6-OHDA, impairs axonal transport in dopaminergic axons","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1498756","article-title":"Global, regional, national epidemiology and trends of Parkinson\u2019s disease from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0045","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation: Current and Future Clinical Applications","volume":"86","author":"Lyons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00763-6","article-title":"The importance of including occupational therapists as part of the multidisciplinary team in the management of eating disorders: a narrative review incorporating lived experience","volume":"11","author":"Mack","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0099-z","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Targets for potential treatments","volume":"6","author":"Maiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020661","article-title":"Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry","volume":"28","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065618","article-title":"Dopamine Transmission Imbalance in Neuroinflammation: Perspectives on Long-Term COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Mancini","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70065-6","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2\u2013neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: an open-label, phase I trial","volume":"7","author":"Marks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4033","article-title":"Toxin Models of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200910140","article-title":"PINK1 stabilized by mitochondrial depolarization recruits Parkin to damaged mitochondria and activates latent Parkin for mitophagy","volume":"189","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib160","series-title":"in: Design of Nanostructures for Versatile Therapeutic Applications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanotechnology and Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Mavridis","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib161","first-page":"899","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2024 Update","volume":"14","author":"McFarthing","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib162","first-page":"79","article-title":"The role of dopamine in the brain - lessons learned from Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"190","author":"Meder","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage, Mapp. Dis. brains"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib163","first-page":"19","article-title":"MPTP Mouse Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Update","volume":"1","author":"Meredith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5416-4_16","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"65","author":"Mhyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.05.019","article-title":"Neurotrophic and neuroprotective efficacy of intranasal GDNF in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"274","author":"Migliore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2741\/e797","article-title":"Potential of redox therapies in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093254","article-title":"Chronic Systemic Exposure to Low-Dose Rotenone Induced Central and Peripheral Neuropathology and Motor Deficits in Mice: Reproducible Animal Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94175-8","article-title":"Dopamine-loaded nanoparticle systems circumvent the blood-brain barrier restoring motor function in mouse model for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Monge-Fuentes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202003054","article-title":"Recent Advancements of Nanomedicine in Neurodegenerative Disorders Theranostics","volume":"30","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2023.2201374","article-title":"The role of istradefylline in the Parkinson\u2019s disease armamentarium","volume":"24","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00535-8","article-title":"Different pieces of the same puzzle: a multifaceted perspective on the complex biological basis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller-Nedebock","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13409","article-title":"Chronic and progressive Parkinson\u2019s disease MPTP model in adult and aged mice","volume":"136","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Manchado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.14063","article-title":"The Quality in Quality of Life in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis","volume":"11","author":"van Munster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib174","unstructured":"Muranova, A., Shanina, E., 2025. Levodopa\/Carbidopa\/Entacapone Combination Therapy, in: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051503","article-title":"The Management of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Overview of the Current Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"15","author":"Nakmode","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112117","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based drug delivery for central nervous system disorders","volume":"143","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108877","article-title":"Nitric oxide and dopamine metabolism converge via mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"704","author":"Nunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.6.905","article-title":"Response to levodopa treatment in dopa-responsive dystonia","volume":"58","author":"Nutt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.06.022","article-title":"Duodopa\u00ae treatment for advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review of efficacy and safety","volume":"18","author":"Nyholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00577","article-title":"LRRK2 and \u03b1-Synuclein: Distinct or Synergistic Players in Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01258","article-title":"Intrastriatal Memantine Infusion Dampens Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia and Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Hemiparkinsonism","volume":"10","author":"Ogawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8490","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04446","article-title":"Correction to Trans-Blood Brain Barrier Delivery of Dopamine-Loaded Nanoparticles Reverses Functional Deficits in Parkinsonian Rats","volume":"13","author":"Pahuja","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071687","article-title":"Inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"9","author":"Pajares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031170","article-title":"BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Palasz","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0165-9","article-title":"The interplay of aging, genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.57","article-title":"6-Shogaol, an active compound of ginger, protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease models via anti-neuroinflammation","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib187","unstructured":"PARKINSON\u2019S DISEASE DEATH RATE BY COUNTRY [WWW Document], n.d. World Life Expectancy. URL \u3008https:\/\/www.worldlifeexpectancy.com\/cause-of-death\/parkinson-disease\/by-country\/\u3009 (accessed 4.8.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib188","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Current drug therapy and unraveling the prospects of nanoparticles","volume":"58","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7254-6","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"261","author":"Perestelo-P\u00e9rez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib190","first-page":"557","article-title":"Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Venglustat in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and a GBA Mutation: Results from Part 1 of the Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled MOVES-PD Trial","volume":"12","author":"Peterschmitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01125-X","article-title":"Parkin Protects against the Toxicity Associated with Mutant \u03b1-Synuclein: Proteasome Dysfunction Selectively Affects Catecholaminergic Neurons","volume":"36","author":"Petrucelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101658","article-title":"Brain drug delivery and neurodegenerative diseases: Polymeric PLGA-based nanoparticles as a forefront platform","volume":"79","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00199","article-title":"Advancing Stem Cell Models of Alpha-Synuclein Gene Regulation in Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"12","author":"Piper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108085","article-title":"New hopes for disease modification in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"171","author":"Poewe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27836","article-title":"Understanding the Links Between Cardiovascular Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Potashkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101965","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of lipid nanosystems for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Preetam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115597","article-title":"Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases","volume":"167","author":"Priyanka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.03.019","article-title":"A brain targeting functionalized liposomes of the dopamine derivative N-3,4-bis(pivaloyloxy)-dopamine for treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"277","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2011.10.010","article-title":"Age-associated neurodegeneration and oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA","volume":"32","author":"Radak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113305","article-title":"Recent advancements of nanoparticles application in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: At a glance","volume":"153","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.135873","article-title":"Metals associated neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Insight to physiological, pathological mechanisms and management","volume":"753","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17514-3","article-title":"Trophic factors therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"175","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2023017","article-title":"Depletion of dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s disease and relevant therapeutic options: A review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Ramesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115141108","article-title":"Paraquat neurotoxicity is mediated by the dopamine transporter and organic cation transporter-3","volume":"108","author":"Rappold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10513","article-title":"Limitations of current Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"53","author":"Rascol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0044-6","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction within the synapses of substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Reeve","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj Park. \u2019S. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00651-2","article-title":"Misfolded protein oligomers: mechanisms of formation, cytotoxic effects, and pharmacological approaches against protein misfolding diseases","volume":"19","author":"Rinauro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710000007X","article-title":"COMT inhibitors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Rivest","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr058","article-title":"Maneb and Paraquat-Mediated Neurotoxicity: Involvement of Peroxiredoxin\/Thioredoxin System","volume":"121","author":"Roede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180222165418","article-title":"The Role of LRRK2 in Neurodegeneration of Parkinson Disease","volume":"16","author":"Rui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1236296","article-title":"Mortality and causes of death in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Ryu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2022.100037","article-title":"A review of diagnostic imaging approaches to assessing Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Samson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8893-4","article-title":"The Impact of Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission Modulation in Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"52","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.03.029","article-title":"Synaptic vesicle protein trafficking at the glutamate synapse","volume":"158","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8010013","article-title":"Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoplatforms for Brain Diseases Diagnosis, Therapy and Theranostics","volume":"8","author":"Shakeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17579","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.434787","article-title":"A Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Disrupter Is Also a Potent \u03b1-Synuclein (\u03b1-syn) Aggregation Inhibitor: A NOVEL DUAL MECHANISM OF MANNITOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF PARKINSON DISEASE (PD)*","volume":"288","author":"Shaltiel-Karyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib217","series-title":"Neuroprotection","article-title":"Adrenergic Receptors as Pharmacological Targets for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","author":"Sharma","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00939-x","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Devices and Lesion Approaches","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033565","article-title":"The 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Simola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102321","article-title":"Advances in gene therapy approaches targeting neuro-inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"98","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.02.001","article-title":"Apoptotic neuronal death in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Involvement of nitric oxide","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00328","article-title":"In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Slanzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102011","article-title":"Creatine as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.212","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2014.23.4.292","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Function and Dysfunction on Cellular Membranes","volume":"23","author":"Snead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-88","article-title":"Paraquat induces oxidative stress, neuronal loss in substantia nigra region and Parkinsonism in adult rats: Neuroprotection and amelioration of symptoms by water-soluble formulation of Coenzyme Q10","volume":"10","author":"Somayajulu-Ni\u0163u","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000111","article-title":"Highly Challenging Balance Program Reduces Fall Rate in Parkinson Disease","volume":"40","author":"Sparrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib228","unstructured":"Srivastav, S., Anand, B.G., Fatima, M., 2020. Piperine-Coated Gold Nanoparticles Alleviate Paraquat-Induced Neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster - PubMed [WWW Document]. URL \u3008https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33125229\/\u3009 (accessed 4.26.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.25634.1","article-title":"Recent developments in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Stoker","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib230","series-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects","author":"Stoker","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70044-0","article-title":"Where are we with surgical therapies for Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"20","author":"Strauss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063373","article-title":"Risk Factors for Brain Health in Agricultural Work: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Sturm","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","article-title":"Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2020.11.020","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial transfer: A new dimension towards ocular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.04.004","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol. 106\u2013107"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib236","article-title":"Development of vitamin B12 containing pullulan-bovine serum albumin microparticles designed dry powder inhaler: In-vitro and in-vivo study","volume":"70","author":"Sugandhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3787","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of vitamin dosage forms: A complete overview","volume":"12","author":"Sugandhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102775","article-title":"Advances in Alzheimer\u2019s therapy: Exploring neuropathological mechanisms to revolutionize the future therapeutic landscape","volume":"109","author":"Sugandhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2004.15.1177","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib240","article-title":"Combination treatment of acupoint therapy and conventional medication for motor function of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement Ther. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2025.01.015","article-title":"iPSC-based cell replacement therapy: from basic research to clinical application","author":"Takahashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212976","article-title":"Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.017","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Complications of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Treatments: The Importance of Multidisciplinary Care","volume":"24","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102327","article-title":"ncRNAs and their impact on dopaminergic neurons: Autophagy pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Thapa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009316","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009316","article-title":"A Guide to Neurotoxic Animal Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"1","author":"Tieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00860","article-title":"Outside in: Unraveling the Role of Neuroinflammation in the Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Troncoso-Escudero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.11.026","article-title":"Developing a preclinical model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A study of behaviour in rats with graded 6-OHDA lesions","volume":"169","author":"Truong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2023.111800","article-title":"Integration of miRNA\u2019s theranostic potential with nanotechnology: Promises and challenges for Parkinson\u2019s disease therapeutics","volume":"211","author":"Tryphena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrosative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1792","author":"Tsang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102469","article-title":"Stroke studies in large animals: Prospects of mitochondrial transplantation and enhancing efficiency using hydrogels and nanoparticle-assisted delivery","volume":"100","author":"Ulger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0937-z","article-title":"Neurotoxicant-induced animal models of Parkinson?s disease: understanding the role of rotenone, maneb and paraquat in neurodegeneration","volume":"318","author":"Uversky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(98)00009-2","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"100","author":"Veldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dscb.2024.100143","article-title":"Non-transgenic models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: The pursuit of a resemblance","volume":"14","author":"Veras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-025-10851-6","article-title":"Current Applications of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Neuroscience Research and Cell Transplantation Therapy for Neurological Disorders","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111732","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Pathway in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Current Status and Novel Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"11","author":"Vidovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071069","article-title":"Contribution of the Nrf2 Pathway on Oxidative Damage and Mitochondrial Failure in Parkinson and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Villavicencio Tejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29939","article-title":"Small Particles, Big Potential: Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"39","author":"Virameteekul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.06.026","article-title":"Levodopa-loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"360","author":"van Vliet","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.08.033","article-title":"Exogenous \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils Induce Lewy Body Pathology Leading to Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuron Death","volume":"72","author":"Volpicelli-Daley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3642-15.2016","article-title":"G2019S-LRRK2 Expression Augments -Synuclein Sequestration into Inclusions in Neurons","volume":"36","author":"Volpicelli-Daley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22446","article-title":"Effects of zona incerta lesions on striatal neurochemistry and behavioral asymmetry in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats","volume":"88","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00048","article-title":"Versatile Structures of \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.585584","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Glutamate Toxicity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib264","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with pramipexole and levodopa vs levodopa monotherapy in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.09.013","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of \u03b1-synuclein neurodegeneration","volume":"1792","author":"Waxman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105700","article-title":"Immune responses in the Parkinson\u2019s disease brain","volume":"168","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/nep3.42","article-title":"Research progress on intranasal treatment for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroprotection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5856","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801677105","article-title":"Neurons derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts functionally integrate into the fetal brain and improve symptoms of rats with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"105","author":"Wernig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04679","article-title":"Fusogenic liposomes effectively deliver resveratrol to the cerebral microcirculation and improve endothelium-dependent neurovascular coupling responses in aged mice","volume":"34","author":"Wiedenhoeft","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.08.013","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1802","author":"Winklhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0336-5","article-title":"Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Wirdefeldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116949","article-title":"Pneumonia risk and its associated factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A National Database Study","volume":"415","author":"Won","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.11.002","article-title":"The rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Behavioral and electrophysiological findings","volume":"279","author":"Wrangel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib274","article-title":"PINK1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy Protects Mitochondrial Integrity and Prevents Metabolic Stress-Induced Endothelial Injury","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2011.595490","article-title":"Chlorotoxin-modified stealth liposomes encapsulating levodopa for the targeting delivery against Parkinson\u2019s disease in the MPTP-induced mice model","volume":"20","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.07.009","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of madecassoside in early stage of Parkinson\u2019s disease induced by MPTP in rats","volume":"90","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib277","article-title":"Disease burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111635","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of biosynthesised gold nanoparticles synthesised from root extract of Paeonia moutan against Parkinson disease \u2013 In vitro & In vivo model","volume":"200","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031641","article-title":"What Can Inflammation Tell Us about Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson\u2019s Disease?","volume":"25","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2009.113","article-title":"AAV9-mediated erythropoietin gene delivery into the brain protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2023.100074","article-title":"Biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A state of the art review","volume":"9","author":"Yamashita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomark. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0494","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons reverse functional deficit in parkinsonian rats","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092193","article-title":"Therapeutic Nanoparticles and Their Targeted Delivery Applications","volume":"25","author":"Yetisgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.883057","article-title":"Erythropoietin Mitigates Diabetic Nephropathy by Restoring PINK1\/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy","volume":"13","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.09.012","article-title":"Animal models for analysis of immunological responses to nanomaterials: Challenges and considerations","author":"Zamboni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-024-03790-3","article-title":"An Update on Recent Drug Delivery Systems Targeting Brain Diseases via the Transnasal Pathway","volume":"41","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.012","article-title":"Astrocytes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from preclinical assays to in vivo imaging and therapeutic probes","volume":"95","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12311","article-title":"Relationship among \u03b1\u2011synuclein, aging and inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease (Review)","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.49","article-title":"Reassessment of subacute MPTP-treated mice as animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.161","article-title":"Multifactorial theory applied to the neurotoxicity of paraquat and paraquat-induced mechanisms of developing Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.11.020","article-title":"Subcutaneous rotenone rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Dose exploration study","volume":"1655","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S59536","article-title":"Biological augmentation of rotator cuff repair using bFGF-loaded electrospun poly(lactide-co-glycolide) fibrous membranes","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Nanomed. 9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000527372","article-title":"Burden of Parkinson Disease in China, 1990\u20132019: Findings from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"57","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03820-y","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00094-1","article-title":"Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."}],"container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726000188?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726000188?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T04:27:23Z","timestamp":1770265643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568163726000188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":295,"alternative-id":["S1568163726000188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-1637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-1637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nanotechnology-based advancements in Parkinson's therapy: Exploring animal models and clinical insights in neurodegenerative disorders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ageing Research Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103026"}}