{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:01:55Z","timestamp":1789664515541,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T08:19:18Z","timestamp":1772525958000},"page":"103085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Growth differentiation factor-15 as a clinical biomarker of frailty, sarcopenia and functional decline: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Ainsley Ryan Yan Bin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Nachammai","family":"Vidhya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiling Amanda","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun En","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen Ee","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reshma Aziz","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2022.895313","article-title":"Frailty and diabetes in older adults: overview of current controversies and challenges in clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"Abd Ghafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Clin. Diabetes Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109501","article-title":"GDF15 mediates the metabolic effects of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 by activating AMPK","volume":"36","author":"Aguilar-Recarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.50376","article-title":"J. P. GDF15\/GFRAL pathway as a metabolic signature for cachexia in patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12823","article-title":"C. Changes in systemic GDF15 across the adult lifespan and their impact on maximal muscle power: the Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study","volume":"12","author":"Alcazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachex. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1793-9","article-title":"B. Biomarkers of age-related frailty and frailty related to diseases: an exploratory, cross-sectional analysis from the MAPT study","volume":"26","author":"Angioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.007","article-title":"E. Older adults with frailty syndrome present an altered platelet function and an increased level of circulating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction biomarker GDF-15","volume":"149","author":"Arauna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-22-0054","article-title":"Sex-specific modulation of circulating growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with type 2 diabetes and\/or obesity","volume":"11","author":"Asrih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172671","article-title":"R. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Signaling in Cancer-Induced Cachexia: From Molecular Pathways to the Clinics","volume":"11","author":"Balsano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0636-0","article-title":"M. D. Association between GDF-15 levels and changes in vascular and physical function in older patients with hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Barma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.03.006","article-title":"A. B. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Diet Quality Trajectory Interact to Determine Frailty Incidence among Middle-Aged Urban Adults","volume":"154","author":"Beydoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12736","article-title":"Olmesartan prevents cardiac rupture in mice with myocardial infarction by modulating growth differentiation factor 15 and p53","volume":"171","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9495","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S523980","article-title":"A Multicenter Study for Establishing Reference Intervals of Serum GDF-15 Levels Based on the Chinese Population","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1404047","article-title":"Different roles of circulating and intramuscular GDF15 as markers of skeletal muscle health","volume":"15","author":"Chiariello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9868","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly153","article-title":"Human Aging and Longevity Are Characterized by High Levels of Mitokines","volume":"74","author":"Conte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00915","article-title":"GDF15 Plasma Level Is Inversely Associated With Level of Physical Activity and Correlates With Markers of Inflammation and Muscle Weakness","volume":"11","author":"Conte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101569","article-title":"GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging","volume":"75","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2025.112077","article-title":"The combination of GDF15, FGF21, sRAGE and NfL plasma levels can identify frailty in community-dwelling people across old age","volume":"226","author":"Conte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01045","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Dalle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2025.112124","article-title":"Circulating mitokines GDF-15 and FGF21 are associated with frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition in older adults: Evidence from the FRASNET study","volume":"228","author":"Damanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.897097","article-title":"G. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Biomarker for Sarcopenia in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib24","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-15, a novel systemic biomarker of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular aging: Potential role in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"di Candia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad034","article-title":"Drugs Targeting Mechanisms of Aging to Delay Age-Related Disease and Promote Healthspan: Proceedings of a National Institute on Aging Workshop","volume":"78","author":"Espinoza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01779-3","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 predicts physical function impairment in Spanish older adults: a real-world prospective study","author":"Ferreira de Campos","year":"2025","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00685-2","article-title":"N. K. Associations between biomarkers of cellular senescence and physical function in humans: observations from the lifestyle interventions for elders (LIFE) study","volume":"44","author":"Fielding","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad257","article-title":"N. K. Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence Predict the Onset of Mobility Disability and Are Reduced by Physical Activity in Older Adults","volume":"79","author":"Fielding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.09.005","article-title":"Inflammaging and 'Garb-aging","volume":"28","author":"Franceschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255","article-title":"Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care","volume":"59","author":"Fried","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib31","article-title":"Relationship between the serum GDF-15 concentration and muscle function in female patients receiving aortic valve replacement (TAVR, SAVR): Comparison with healthy elderly female subjects","volume":"40","author":"Fukuda TN","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100607","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers for monitoring muscle function and physical performance decline in older adults: A 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"29","author":"Gil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101737","article-title":"Frailty biomarkers under the perspective of geroscience: A narrative review","volume":"81","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2409515","article-title":"Ponsegromab for the Treatment of Cancer Cachexia","volume":"391","author":"Groarke","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000128","article-title":"J. C. Serum and plasma protein biomarkers associated with frailty in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"29","author":"Ha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091453","article-title":"M. CT-Diagnosed Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Is It Possible to Predict Muscle Loss Based on Laboratory Tests?-A Multicentric Retrospective Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab301","article-title":"A Neuroscience Primer for Integrating Geroscience With the Neurobiology of Aging","volume":"77","author":"Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2020.2308","article-title":"K. Associations between Serum GDF15 Concentrations, Muscle Mass, and Strength Show Sex-Specific Differences in Older Hospital Patients","volume":"24","author":"Herpich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.02.008","article-title":"B. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1, members of the TGF-beta superfamily and follistatin do not reflect different stages of dynapenia and sarcopenia in elderly women","volume":"64","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3344-8","article-title":"B. Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle quality and circulating muscle growth and degradation factors of institutionalized elderly women: the Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS)","volume":"116","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.06.007","article-title":"GDF15: from biomarker to target in cancer cachexia","author":"H\u00fcllwegen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.04.001","article-title":"SARC-F for Screening of Sarcopenia Among Older Adults: A Meta-analysis of Screening Test Accuracy","volume":"19","author":"Ida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152359","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation in Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Update","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez-Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112990","article-title":"The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine","volume":"10","author":"Johann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13513","article-title":"GDF-15 is associated with sarcopenia and frailty in acutely admitted older medical patients","volume":"15","author":"Kamper","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachex.. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111115","article-title":"S. Growth differentiation factor-15 as a biomarker for sarcopenia in aging humans and mice","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.12.016","article-title":"Exercise increases circulating GDF15 in humans","volume":"9","author":"Kleinert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib48","article-title":"Comparative Analyses Between Vulnerability Biomarkers of Aging and Health Biomarkers in Middle-Aged and Older Female Adults","volume":"13","author":"Knoblauch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthc. (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.06.018","article-title":"Frailty as a Predictor of Future Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.03.011","article-title":"From geroscience to precision geromedicine: Understanding and managing aging","volume":"188","author":"Kroemer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13488","article-title":"Serum growth differentiation factor 15 is closely associated with metabolic abnormalities in Chinese pregnant women","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Invest."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib52","first-page":"466","article-title":"Frailty, inflammation, and immunity","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00906-2","article-title":"Association between aging-related biomarkers and longitudinal trajectories of intrinsic capacity in older adults","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1123-4","article-title":"Current situation of frailty screening tools for older adults","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib56","article-title":"Effect of age and gender on serum growth differentiation factor 15 and its relationship to bone density and bone turnover","volume":"18","author":"Mattia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1374197","article-title":"Association of intrinsic capacity with functional ability, sarcopenia and systemic inflammation in pre-frail older adults","volume":"11","author":"Merchant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib58","article-title":"GDF-15 Is Associated with Poor Physical Function in Prefrail Older Adults with Diabetes","volume":"2023","author":"Merchant","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib59","article-title":"B. Association of intrinsic capacity with functional ability, sarcopenia and systemic inflammation in pre-frail older adults","volume":"11","author":"Merchant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib60","first-page":"4781","article-title":"The Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Superfamily Cytokine Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Is Present in High Concentrations in the Serum of Pregnant Women1","volume":"85","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. & Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: a call to action","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med Dir. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71","article-title":"The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence","volume":"3","author":"Munn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J. Health Policy Manag"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib63","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100637","article-title":"Advancing Geroscience Research - A Scoping Review of Regulatory Environments for Gerotherapeutics","volume":"29","author":"Muscedere","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101576","article-title":"T. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and Renal Dysfunction in Preoperative Cardiovascular Surgery Patients","volume":"8","author":"Nakajima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1159\/000513600","article-title":"B. J. Serum GDF15 Level Is Independent of Sarcopenia in Older Asian Adults","volume":"67","author":"Nga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.06.005","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels are associated with malnutrition in acutely admitted older adults","volume":"43","author":"Nielsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib68","article-title":"Association between serum GDF-15, myostatin, and sarcopenia in cardiovascular surgery patients","volume":"42","author":"Nishikawa RF","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102587","article-title":"Sarcopenia and the biological determinants of aging: A narrative review from a geroscience perspective","volume":"103","author":"Nunes-Pinto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1159\/000536150","article-title":"Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Levels Predict the Incidence of Frailty among Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases","volume":"70","author":"Oba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14021","article-title":"A. Serum growth differentiation factor 15 level is associated with muscle strength and lower extremity function in older patients with cardiometabolic disease","volume":"20","author":"Oba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00410-3","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and physical frailty: towards clinical application","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. & Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00146.2021","article-title":"R. J. LPS induces rapid increase in GDF15 levels in mice, rats, and humans but is not required for anorexia in mice","volume":"322","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2022.837575","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor-15 in immunity and aging","volume":"3","author":"Pence","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1631578","article-title":"Targeting the hallmarks of aging: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Sanada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1800-1","article-title":"P. Circulating Levels of Apelin, GDF-15 and sarcopenia: lack of association in the MAPT study","volume":"26","author":"Sanchez-Sanchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.05.034","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 and geriatric conditions in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"290","author":"Sanchis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.05.034","article-title":"J. Growth differentiation factor 15 and geriatric conditions in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"290","author":"Sanchis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14846-8","article-title":"Characterization of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as a neurotropic adipokine permeable to the brain","volume":"15","author":"Schmid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2403081","article-title":"Role of the stress- and inflammation-induced cytokine GDF-15 in Cardiovascular diseases: from basic research to clinical relevance","volume":"24","author":"Schwarz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz071","article-title":"L. Elevated plasma growth and differentiation factor 15 is associated with slower gait speed and lower physical performance in healthy community-dwelling adults","volume":"75","author":"Semba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136762","article-title":"J. K. Effects of 16 weeks of resistance training on muscle quality and muscle growth factors in older adult women with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2021.11.002","article-title":"Pathophysiological role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in obesity, cancer, and cachexia","volume":"64","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.08.006","article-title":"Inflammation and frailty in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Soysal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12799","article-title":"Plasma proteomic signature of age in healthy humans","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab011","article-title":"J. O. Association of GDF15 with inflammation and physical function during aging and recovery after acute hospitalization: a longitudinal study of older patients and age-matched controls","volume":"76","author":"Tavenier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00529-7","article-title":"GDF15: emerging biology and therapeutic applications for obesity and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01486-w","article-title":"The association between inflammatory cytokines and sarcopenia-related traits: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00951","article-title":"Growth\/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15): from biomarker to novel targetable immune checkpoint","volume":"11","author":"Wischhusen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae237","article-title":"From a solitary blood-derived biomarker to combined biomarkers of sarcopenia: experiences from the korean frailty and aging cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Won","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009669","article-title":"Targeting cellular senescence for age-related diseases: path to clinical translation","volume":"150","author":"Wyles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10587-0","article-title":"K. High serum concentrations of growth differentiation factor-15 and their association with Crohn's disease and a low skeletal muscle index","volume":"12","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib94","article-title":"T. Association of serum growth differentiation factor-15 with eGFR and hemoglobin in healthy older females","volume":"31","author":"Yazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085_bib95","article-title":"A biomarker framework for cardiac aging: the aging biomarker consortium consensus statement","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Med."}],"container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726000772?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726000772?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1778821359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568163726000772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["S1568163726000772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-1637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-1637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Growth differentiation factor-15 as a clinical biomarker of frailty, sarcopenia and functional decline: A systematic literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ageing Research Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103085","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103085"}}