{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:11:03Z","timestamp":1794003063789,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021B1515120089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1515120089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515220105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515220105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220531100203008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220531100203008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324115800003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324115800003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["172644KYSB20200045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["172644KYSB20200045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJHZ20240218112559009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ20240218112559009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82273923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81771293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32170985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32170985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:14:14Z","timestamp":1775135654000},"page":"103120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metabolic and inflammatory roles of glial cells in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femi Abiola","family":"Ogunleye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peace Osebhue","family":"Abhulimen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell K.P.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahab Oluwanisola","family":"Okunowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8677-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gautam","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinzhong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7878","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03892-7","article-title":"A lymphocyte\u2013microglia\u2013astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis","volume":"597","author":"Absinta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0033-9","article-title":"The diversity and disparity of the glial scar","volume":"21","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105874","article-title":"Implications of glial metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"174","author":"Afridi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.371358","article-title":"Targeting glial metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases: detail matters","volume":"18","author":"Afridi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400094","article-title":"Synthetic biology and therapeutic strategies for the degenerating brain: synthetic biology approaches can transform classical cell and gene therapies, to provide new cures for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"36","author":"Agust\u00edn-Pav\u00f3n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115904","article-title":"Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis\u2014essential constituents with diverse multifaceted functions","volume":"22","author":"Aharoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.034","article-title":"Influence of microglia and astrocyte activation in the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: rational insights for the therapeutic approaches","volume":"59","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14181440","article-title":"The complex role of the complement C3a receptor (C3aR) in cerebral injury and recovery following ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Akhter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.08.006","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"252","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0483-x","article-title":"Inflammation and stroke: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Anrather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202217175","article-title":"Aged lipid-laden microglia display impaired responses to stroke","volume":"15","author":"Arbaizar-Rovirosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-00966-z","article-title":"Identification of the molecular mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1): a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases associated with metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Arjunan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"issue":"7321","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09613","article-title":"Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow","volume":"468","author":"Attwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.06.005","article-title":"A breakdown in metabolic reprogramming causes microglia dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"30","author":"Baik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.155563","article-title":"The AIM2 inflammasome is activated in astrocytes during the late phase of EAE","volume":"7","author":"Barclay","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.08.008","article-title":"Immunometabolism in the brain: how metabolism shapes microglial function","volume":"43","author":"Bernier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060634","article-title":"Ischemic brain injury: involvement of lipids in the pathophysiology of stroke and therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"Bernoud-Hubac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.05.005","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"41","author":"Berson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-01069-6","article-title":"Significance of microglial energy metabolism in maintaining brain homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Bielanin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.108964","article-title":"The neuroinflammatory role of glucocerebrosidase in Parkinson's disease","volume":"207","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.04.001","article-title":"The role of astrocyte dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Booth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00411","article-title":"Discrimination of prion strain targeting in the central nervous system via reactive astrocyte heterogeneity in CD44 expression","volume":"13","author":"Bradford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01980-7","article-title":"The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"137","author":"Brambilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22443","article-title":"The astrocyte in multiple sclerosis revisited","volume":"61","author":"Brosnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05672-9","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Calabresi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell death Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib26","article-title":"Using synthetic biology to understand the gut-brain axis","volume":"6","author":"Cesaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.060","article-title":"Microglia and astrocyte activation in the frontal cortex of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"314","author":"Chanaday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-01036-6","article-title":"Transplantation of A2 type astrocytes promotes neural repair and remyelination after spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.64033","article-title":"Monocytes promote acute neuroinflammation and become pathological microglia in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-024-10107-z","article-title":"Complement C3 from astrocytes plays significant roles in sustained activation of microglia and cognitive dysfunctions triggered by systemic inflammation after laparotomy in adult male mice","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01288-6","article-title":"Lipid-accumulated reactive astrocytes promote disease progression in epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02187-y","article-title":"Early glycolytic reprogramming controls microglial inflammatory activation","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.02.005","article-title":"Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Chhor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04049-0","article-title":"Fibrillar \u03b1-synuclein induces neurotoxic astrocyte activation via RIP kinase signaling and NF-\u03ba","volume":"12","author":"Chou","year":"2021","journal-title":"B. Cell death Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22030993","article-title":"Little helpers or mean rogue\u2014role of microglia in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Cihankaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3484","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development","volume":"14","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa309","article-title":"The microglial component of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"143","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.148772","article-title":"Altered metabolism and DAM-signatures in female brains and microglia with aging","volume":"1829","author":"Cleland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060853","article-title":"Current advancements in spinal cord injury research\u2014glial scar formation and neural regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Clifford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.171132","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: the bare essentials","volume":"9","author":"Coles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00180","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in multiple sclerosis progression","volume":"6","author":"Correale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx025","article-title":"Clinical significance of TDP-43 neuropathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Cykowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuropatholgy Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25178","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25178","article-title":"Extending the duration of hypothermia does not further improve white matter protection after ischemia in term-equivalent fetal sheep","volume":"6","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.039","article-title":"Highly active multiple sclerosis: an update","volume":"30","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.306064","article-title":"Astrocytes: a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000829","article-title":"Motor cortex transcriptome reveals microglial key events in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Dols-Icardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23687","article-title":"Questions and (some) answers on reactive astrocytes","volume":"67","author":"Escartin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02509-8","article-title":"Semaphorin 4D is upregulated in neurons of diseased brains and triggers astrocyte reactivity","volume":"19","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624538","article-title":"Mitochondrial regulation of microglial immunometabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Fairley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq2423","article-title":"Astrocytic NDRG2-PPM1A interaction exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade1474","article-title":"APOE \u03b54 associates with microglial activation independently of A\u03b2 plaques and tau tangles","volume":"9","author":"Ferrari-Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24881","article-title":"GFAP-IgG as biomarker of autoimmune astrocytopathy: analysis of 102 patients: autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy","volume":"81","author":"Flanagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2025.106983","article-title":"APOE4 reshapes the lipid droplet proteome and modulates microglial inflammatory responses","author":"Friday","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111597","article-title":"LRRK2 and lipid pathways: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Galper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041636","article-title":"Microglia and neuroinflammation: what place for P2RY12?","volume":"22","author":"G\u00f3mez Morillas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X22666240131121032","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in Gliocyte post-cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion: from pathophysiology to therapeutic potential","volume":"22","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"465","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4066","article-title":"Inflammasome inhibition prevents \u03b1-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01819-z","article-title":"A primary neural cell culture model to study neuron, astrocyte, and microglia interactions in neuroinflammation","volume":"17","author":"Goshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"6344","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3222","article-title":"An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity","volume":"356","author":"Gosselin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4222","article-title":"Microglial brain region\u2212 dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging","volume":"19","author":"Grabert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0298-9","article-title":"New insights into the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Gratuze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01308-3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy: a review of the past and a view on the future","volume":"120","author":"Greco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2016.02.003","article-title":"Early P2X7R-related astrogliosis in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"74","author":"Grygorowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00374","article-title":"Microglia in multiple sclerosis: friend or foe?","volume":"11","author":"Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023167","article-title":"Cholesterol lowering and prevention of stroke: an overview","volume":"50","author":"Hackam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1747-1","article-title":"Microglia contribute to normal myelinogenesis and to oligodendrocyte progenitor maintenance during adulthood","volume":"134","author":"Hagemeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16629976","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier after stroke: structural studies and the role of transcytotic vesicles","volume":"37","author":"Haley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00148","article-title":"Astrocyte senescence and Alzheimer's disease: a review","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24922","article-title":"Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair","volume":"99","author":"Hart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012582","article-title":"Microglia-specific NF-\u03baB signaling is a critical regulator of prion-induced glial inflammation and neuronal loss","volume":"21","author":"Hay","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.03.001","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism","volume":"132","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1459-7","article-title":"Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates IL-1\u03b2 release and contributes to central sensitization in a recurrent nitroglycerin-induced migraine model","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"16-18","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2024.0674","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"issue":"7434","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11729","article-title":"NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and contributes to pathology in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"493","author":"Heneka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105766","article-title":"Glial-neuron crosstalk in health and disease: a focus on metabolism, obesity, and cognitive impairment","volume":"170","author":"Henn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1177","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis repressed by microglial paralysis","volume":"11","author":"Heppner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1280257","article-title":"The role of TREM2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from the perspective of Tau","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib81","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Glycometabolic reprogramming of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: insights from neuroinflammation","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.630502","article-title":"APOE and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: from lipid transport to physiopathology and therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Husain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2008.555","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein gene rearrangements in dominantly inherited parkinsonism: frequency, phenotype, and mechanisms","volume":"66","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2024","article-title":"Lipids shape brain function through ion channel and receptor modulations: physiological mechanisms and clinical perspectives","volume":"105","author":"Incontro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.001","article-title":"Neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling protects against activity-induced fatty acid toxicity","volume":"177","author":"Ioannou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14687","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappa \u03b2 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"150","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01166","article-title":"Microglial intervention in ischemic stroke: roles and intervention strategies","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198","article-title":"Overview of general and discriminating markers of differential microglia phenotypes","volume":"14","author":"Jurga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105028","article-title":"Microglia and astrocyte dysfunction in parkinson's disease","volume":"144","author":"Kam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.04.008","article-title":"Reduction of PK11195 uptake observed in multiple sclerosis lesions after natalizumab initiation","volume":"15","author":"Kaunzner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9531-6","article-title":"The role of the microglia in acute CNS injury","volume":"30","author":"Kawabori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. brain Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00367-3","article-title":"The effect of A1 and A2 reactive astrocyte expression on hydrocephalus shunt failure","volume":"19","author":"Khodadadei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4078\/jrd.2022.29.3.140","article-title":"The mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pathogenic implication in the pathogenesis of gout","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47010008","article-title":"Mechanisms and emerging regulators of neuroinflammation: exploring new therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010149","article-title":"Abnormal Ca2+ signals in reactive astrocytes as a common cause of brain diseases","volume":"23","author":"Koizumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2019.28.5.547","article-title":"Targeting microglial and neuronal toll-like receptor 2 in synucleinopathies","volume":"28","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.121","article-title":"Glial and neuroimmune mechanisms as critical modulators of drug use and abuse","volume":"42","author":"Lacagnina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200219","article-title":"Metabolomics of multiple sclerosis lesions demonstrates lipid changes linked to alterations in transcriptomics-based cellular profiles","volume":"11","author":"Ladakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16469","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2440-10.2010","article-title":"An engineered zinc finger protein activator of the endogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene provides functional neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Laganiere","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.69","article-title":"Modulators of microglial activation and polarization after intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.649538","article-title":"Growing glia: cultivating human stem cell models of gliogenesis in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Lanjewar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094995","article-title":"Reactive and senescent astroglial phenotypes as hallmarks of brain pathologies","volume":"23","author":"Lazic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8367","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158367","article-title":"Utility of exosomes in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.07.017","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in astrocytic structure and function","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0310-z","article-title":"Absence of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) extends survival in the hSOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1423-6","article-title":"The role of microglial inflammasome activation in pyroptotic cell death following penetrating traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105792","article-title":"Exposure to lipid mixture induces intracellular lipid droplet formation and impairs mitochondrial functions in astrocytes","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.007","article-title":"TGN-020 alleviates edema and inhibits astrocyte activation and glial scar formation after spinal cord compression injury in rats","volume":"222","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1278-2","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-\u03baB in astrocytes is sufficient to delay neurodegeneration induced by proteotoxicity in neurons","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.765395","article-title":"Role of glia-derived extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib113","article-title":"Targeting microglial \u03b1-synuclein\/TLRs\/NF-kappaB\/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02665-9","article-title":"Lipid droplet accumulation in microglia and their potential roles","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230718104634","article-title":"The relationship of astrocytes and microglia with different stages of ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib116","first-page":"1","article-title":"Astrocytes in depression and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.029","article-title":"SnapShot: astrocytes in health and disease","volume":"162","author":"Liddelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7638","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1815-1","article-title":"Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease","volume":"135","author":"Liebner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092236","article-title":"Beyond activation: characterizing microglial functional phenotypes","volume":"10","author":"Lier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.008","article-title":"APOE4 causes widespread molecular and cellular alterations associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease phenotypes in human iPSC-derived brain cell types","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02776-z","article-title":"PARK7\/DJ-1 in microglia: implications in Parkinson\u2019s disease and relevance as a therapeutic target","volume":"20","author":"Lind-Holm Mogensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq179","article-title":"Functional role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuroprotective autoimmunity: therapeutic implications in a model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"133","author":"Linker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte crosstalk in CNS inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02946-z","article-title":"Infiltrating myeloid cell-derived properdin markedly promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.89","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01640-9","article-title":"Cell-autonomous effects of APOE4 in restricting microglial response in brain homeostasis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib128","first-page":"1","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520398113","article-title":"Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"113","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516643396","article-title":"Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Ludwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12190","article-title":"TREM 2 protein expression changes correlate with Alzheimer's disease neurodegenerative pathologies in post-mortem temporal cortices","volume":"25","author":"Lue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X19892777","article-title":"Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation alleviated ischemic brain injury via inhibiting C3\/C3aR pathway in mice","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149275","article-title":"Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk is regulated by Astragalus polysaccharides mediated through suppression of Sema4D-PlexinB2 signaling in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"1845","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213414","article-title":"Assaying microglia functions in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Maguire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0249-5","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4 impairs spontaneous blood brain barrier repair following traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Main","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.04.014","article-title":"Lipid droplets and neurodegeneration","author":"Mallick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00054-2","article-title":"Hypoxia compromises the mitochondrial metabolism of Alzheimer\u2019s disease microglia via HIF1","volume":"1","author":"March-Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"issue":"7744","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0924-x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution","volume":"566","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01416","article-title":"Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Matejuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00059","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity: impact to brain aging and disease","volume":"11","author":"Matias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2289-6_1","article-title":"Cells of the blood\u2013brain barrier: an overview of the neurovascular unit in health and disease","author":"McConnell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Methods Protocols"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19227-5","article-title":"Gene expression and functional deficits underlie TREM2-knockout microglia responses in human models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"McQuade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14002","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-15.2015","article-title":"Astrocytes promote oligodendrogenesis after white matter damage via brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"35","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.11.018","article-title":"M1 and M2 immune activation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: foe and ally?","volume":"302","author":"Moehle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl165","article-title":"Essential protective roles of reactive astrocytes in traumatic brain injury","volume":"129","author":"Myer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.11.004","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of astrocyte function in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"1864","author":"Neal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12202484","article-title":"Astrocytes undergo metabolic reprogramming in the multiple sclerosis animal model","volume":"12","author":"das Neves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22647","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 produced by IL-10 redirected astrocytes attenuates microglial activation","volume":"62","author":"Norden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19737-2","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing of human microglia uncovers a subset associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Olah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13139","article-title":"Microglial M1\/M2 polarization and metabolic states","volume":"173","author":"Orihuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib151","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional roles of reactive astrocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","author":"Patani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.06.002","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism in neurons and astrocytes","volume":"50","author":"Pfrieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020628","article-title":"Astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"7","author":"Phatnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0567s69","article-title":"Rodent models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Philips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww298","article-title":"Myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes after myelin damage promotes lesion pathology","volume":"140","author":"Ponath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15746","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-31905-1","article-title":"Elucidating the mechanisms underlying astrocyte-microglia crosstalk in hippocampal neuroinflammation induced by acute diquat exposure","volume":"31","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1103416","article-title":"Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: a review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00488-7","article-title":"Adult-onset CNS myelin sulfatide deficiency is sufficient to cause Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1320271","article-title":"Microglia dynamic response and phenotype heterogeneity in neural regeneration following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Quan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.01.009","article-title":"Fantastic voyage: the journey of NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"11","author":"Que","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes & Dis."},{"issue":"6301","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2590","article-title":"How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration","volume":"353","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4338","article-title":"A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?","volume":"19","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00805-1","article-title":"mTOR and neuroinflammation in epilepsy: implications for disease progression and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Ravizza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080265","article-title":"Astrocytic oxidative\/nitrosative stress contributes to Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis: the dual role of reactive astrocytes","volume":"8","author":"Rizor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2016.26","article-title":"Microglia-specific targeting by novel capsid-modified AAV6 vectors","volume":"3","author":"Rosario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02857.x","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease \u03b2-secretase BACE1 is not a neuron-specific enzyme","volume":"92","author":"Ro\u00dfner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02158-3","article-title":"Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia results in increased degradation of \u03b1-synuclein and amyloid-\u03b2 aggregates","volume":"18","author":"Rostami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.937056","article-title":"Cholesterol as a key player in amyloid \u03b2-mediated toxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Rudajev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.009","article-title":"Microglia and astrocyte crosstalk in immunity","volume":"41","author":"Sacrist\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.01.027","article-title":"White matter aging drives microglial diversity","volume":"109","author":"Safaiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90606","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"127","author":"Sarlus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020545","article-title":"Microglia function in central nervous system development and plasticity","volume":"7","author":"Schafer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-01951-y","article-title":"Blocking peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 confers neuroprotective effect in the post-ischemic brain through both NETosis-dependent and-independent mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Seol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1638-6","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist reduces inflammation and blood-brain barrier breakdown in an astrocyte-dependent manner in experimental stroke","volume":"16","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00100.2017","article-title":"Glycolytic inhibition by 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolishes both neuronal and network bursts in an in vitro seizure model","volume":"118","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. neurophysiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12255","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212255","article-title":"Phytosterols: Potential metabolic modulators in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"392","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6295","article-title":"Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"7673","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24016","article-title":"ApoE4 markedly exacerbates tau-mediated neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy","volume":"549","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07249-6","article-title":"Microglial cannabinoid receptor type II stimulation improves cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice by controlling astrocyte activation","volume":"15","author":"Sobue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell death Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.004","article-title":"Astrocyte reactivity: subtypes, states, and functions in CNS innate immunity","volume":"41","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib182","first-page":"10","article-title":"Astrocytes: initiators of and responders to inflammation","volume":"89760","author":"Soung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia Health Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00198","article-title":"Cellular and molecular characterization of microglia: a unique immune cell population","volume":"8","author":"Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846171","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals distinct inflammation-induced microglia signatures","volume":"19","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-022-00317-8","article-title":"Protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) modulates the polarization of THP-1 macrophages to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Stachowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061150","article-title":"The role of diet and interventions on multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"14","author":"Stoiloudis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.004","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","author":"Subhramanyam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205017666200212155234","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"S\u00fc\u00df","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.890217","article-title":"Animal models for neuroinflammation and potential treatment methods","volume":"13","author":"Tamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0609-8","article-title":"Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6411","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat0474","article-title":"Microglia and early brain development: an intimate journey","volume":"362","author":"Thion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666190830110152","article-title":"Astrocytes: from the physiology to the disease","volume":"16","author":"Trujillo-Estrada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"issue":"6092","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222381","article-title":"Regional astrocyte allocation regulates CNS synaptogenesis and repair","volume":"337","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01792-7","article-title":"Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice","volume":"17","author":"Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0707-8","article-title":"Pivotal role of innate myeloid cells in cerebral post-ischemic sterile inflammation","author":"Tsuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib196","article-title":"Sustaining microglial reparative function enhances stroke recovery","volume":"2024","author":"Tsuyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3358","article-title":"Layer V cortical neurons require microglial support for survival during postnatal development","volume":"16","author":"Ueno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0072-1","article-title":"TREM2\u2014a key player in microglial biology and Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Ulland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01628-9","article-title":"Astrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies","volume":"8","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01245.x","article-title":"Early microglial colonization of the human forebrain and possible involvement in periventricular white-matter injury of preterm infants","volume":"217","author":"Verney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0139-9","article-title":"Immune phenotypes of microglia in human neurodegenerative disease: challenges to detecting microglial polarization in human brains","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer's. Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29552-6","article-title":"Microglial NF-\u03baB drives tau spreading and toxicity in a mouse model of tauopathy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08114-w","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in ischemic stroke: when glycolytic overdrive meets lipid storm","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell death Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00957-z","article-title":"Association of glial activation and \u03b1-synuclein pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib205","article-title":"The effects of microglia-associated neuroinflammation on Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00524-0","article-title":"Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments","volume":"17","author":"Wareham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23955","article-title":"The complement C3-C3aR pathway mediates microglia\u2013astrocyte interaction following status epilepticus","volume":"69","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.010","article-title":"Complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms and involvement of risk factors","volume":"47","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132091","article-title":"Microglia phenotypes in aging and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"Wendimu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29235525","article-title":"Diversity of microglia-derived molecules with neurotrophic properties that support neurons in the central nervous system and other tissues","volume":"29","author":"Wiens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0820-04.2004","article-title":"Absence of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin prevents hypertrophy of astrocytic processes and improves post-traumatic regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2019-0199","article-title":"The role of GFAP and vimentin in learning and memory","volume":"400","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109048","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes facilitate vascular repair and remodeling after stroke","volume":"35","author":"Williamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111425","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a therapeutic target: insights into molecular pathways and clinical applications","volume":"17","author":"Wolosowicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib215","article-title":"Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 in host immunity: current insights and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.922331","article-title":"Microglia pyroptosis: a candidate target for neurological diseases treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i8.1030","article-title":"Modulating poststroke inflammatory mechanisms: novel aspects of mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular vesicles and microglia","volume":"13","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.290881","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106208","article-title":"Glycolysis inhibition ameliorates brain injury after ischemic stroke by promoting the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"179","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1204-7","article-title":"Inflammation leads to distinct populations of extracellular vesicles from microglia","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00759-9","article-title":"Developmental origins of human cortical oligodendrocytes and astrocytes","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105290","article-title":"Microglia reprogram metabolic profiles for phenotype and function changes in central nervous system","volume":"152","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00828-0","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and storage in neuroglia: role in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5149306","article-title":"Periventricular microglia polarization and morphological changes accompany NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation after hypoxic\u2013ischemic white matter damage in premature rats","volume":"2023","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03043-5","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease-derived \u03b1-synuclein assemblies combined with chronic-type inflammatory cues promote a neurotoxic microglial phenotype","volume":"21","author":"Yildirim-Balatan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16344","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: clinical evidence, mechanistic link and therapeutic promise","volume":"290","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01627-6","article-title":"APOE4 impairs the microglial response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by inducing TGF\u03b2-mediated checkpoints","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.05.040","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine attenuated early brain injury in rats with subarachnoid haemorrhage by suppressing the inflammatory response: the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome may be involved in the mechanism","volume":"1698","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102032","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and polarization of microglia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: role of inflammasome and iron","volume":"90","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.792764","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes in central nervous system injury: subgroup and potential therapy","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190722114248","article-title":"Heterogeneity of microglia phenotypes: developmental, functional and some therapeutic considerations","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib232","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier disruption upon amyloid-beta insults in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"18","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106414","article-title":"PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS","volume":"192","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01433-5","article-title":"Protein citrullination marks myelin protein aggregation and disease progression in mouse ALS models","volume":"10","author":"Yusuf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib236","article-title":"Glycolytic metabolism, brain resilience, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.11.002","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-synuclein exacerbates the progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease through microglial activation","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121901","article-title":"TLR-stimulated IRAKM activates caspase-8 inflammasome in microglia and promotes neuroinflammation","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.286954","article-title":"Microglia-associated neuroinflammation is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2751com","article-title":"Aggregated \u03b1-synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061431","article-title":"Analysis of energy metabolism and lipid spatial distribution in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy revealed by MALDI-MSI","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.067","article-title":"Establishment and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"163","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211026770","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the transcriptional landscape in ischemic stroke","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02499-7","article-title":"Persistent cortical and white matter inflammation after therapeutic hypothermia for ischemia in near-term fetal sheep","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00549-2","article-title":"Dual roles of astrocytes in plasticity and reconstruction after traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."}],"container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726001121?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726001121?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:13:49Z","timestamp":1778822029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568163726001121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":246,"alternative-id":["S1568163726001121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-1637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-1637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metabolic and inflammatory roles of glial cells in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ageing Research Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103120","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103120"}}