{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:23:33Z","timestamp":1787660613993,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:45:33Z","timestamp":1785253533000},"page":"103275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The human retina in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathology, mechanisms, and biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Luis P\u00e9rez","family":"de Sevilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriparna","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandy","family":"Recio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.11.1509","article-title":"Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly","volume":"65","author":"Aizenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13529","article-title":"Retina pathology as a target for biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: current status, ophthalmopathological background, challenges, and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Alber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24135","article-title":"Sex modifies the APOE-related risk of developing Alzheimer disease","volume":"75","author":"Altmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5963","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14175963","article-title":"Visual function in Alzheimer's disease: current understanding and potential mechanisms behind visual impairment","volume":"14","author":"Alvite-Pi\u00f1eiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50060.x","article-title":"Effect of light treatment on sleep and circadian rhythms in demented nursing home patients","volume":"50","author":"Ancoli-Israel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3253","article-title":"Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Arandjelovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib7","first-page":"677","article-title":"Visual field defects in Alzheimer's disease patients may reflect differential pathology in the primary visual cortex","volume":"73","author":"Armstrong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85010-1","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: an electrophysiologic biomarker signature","volume":"11","author":"Asanad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7374-z","article-title":"Retinal alterations in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an optical coherence tomography study","volume":"261","author":"Ascaso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib10","article-title":"Retinal imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using brain amyloid beta status for case definition","volume":"15","author":"Ashraf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5319","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a plasma phosphorylated tau 217 immunoassay for Alzheimer disease pathology","volume":"81","author":"Ashton","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012125","article-title":"APOSTEL 2.0 recommendations for reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"97","author":"Aytulun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.57.071604.141451","article-title":"Sundowning' and other temporally associated agitation states in dementia patients","volume":"57","author":"Bachman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753","article-title":"Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease","volume":"367","author":"Bateman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010063","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a biomarker of the future?","volume":"9","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6","article-title":"Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies","volume":"66","author":"Bennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1029","article-title":"Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"48","author":"Berisha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90653-7","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell degeneration in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"501","author":"Blanks","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00009-7","article-title":"Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. II. Regional neuron loss and glial changes in GCL","volume":"17","author":"Blanks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00010-3","article-title":"Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. I. Ganglion cell loss in foveal\/parafoveal retina","volume":"17","author":"Blanks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00074","article-title":"Visual cortex in aging and Alzheimer's disease: changes in visual field maps and population receptive fields","volume":"5","author":"Brewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001","article-title":"Cellular signaling and factors involved in M\u00fcller cell gliosis: neuroprotective and detrimental effects","volume":"28","author":"Bringmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000328979","article-title":"M\u00fcller glial cells in retinal disease","volume":"227","author":"Bringmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-017-0010-2","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Britze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.155","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of \u03b2-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5\u201310 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia","volume":"69","author":"Buchhave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310476","article-title":"Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer's type dementia","volume":"102","author":"Bulut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091415608204","article-title":"Disruption of fractalkine signaling leads to microglial activation and neuronal damage in the diabetic retina","volume":"7","author":"Cardona","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cellerino, M., Cordano, C., Boffa, G., Bommarito, G., Petracca, M., Sbragia, E., Novi, G., Lapucci, C., Capello, E., Uccelli, A., Inglese, M., 2019. Relationship between retinal inner nuclear layer, age, and disease activity in progressive MS. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm 6(5):e596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000596.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000596"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-98","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed","volume":"11","author":"Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141659","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell analysis using high-definition optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"45","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00169-8","article-title":"A deep learning model for detection of Alzheimer's disease based on retinal photographs: a retrospective, multicentre case-control study","volume":"4","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514533230","article-title":"The role of microglial activation in disease progression","volume":"20","author":"Correale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4845","article-title":"Ocular biomarkers for Alzheimer disease dementia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"141","author":"Costanzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/35.3.370","article-title":"Vision in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"35","author":"Cronin-Golomb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib35","first-page":"168","article-title":"Visual dysfunction predicts cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"72","author":"Cronin-Golomb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290110","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: relation to normal aging","volume":"29","author":"Cronin-Golomb","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002774","article-title":"The APOSTEL recommendations for reporting quantitative optical coherence tomography studies","volume":"86","author":"Cruz-Herranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00459-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide 14 mg (flexible dose) in early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (evoke and evoke+): two phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trials","author":"Cummings","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3715-9","article-title":"OCT in Alzheimer's disease: thinning of the RNFL and superior hemiretina","volume":"255","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03387","article-title":"Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN","volume":"433","author":"Dacey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib41","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"107","author":"D'Alessandro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-01935-y","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell vulnerability to pathogenic tau in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.014","article-title":"Changes in the synaptic proteome in tauopathy and rescue of tau-induced synapse loss by C1q antibodies","volume":"100","author":"Dejanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0650-x","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease retinas","volume":"6","author":"den Haan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2016.12.014","article-title":"Retinal thickness in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"den Haan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511795745348","article-title":"Asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease: a prodrome or a state of resilience?","volume":"8","author":"Driscoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01868-y","article-title":"Hyperspectral retinal imaging in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and age-related macular degeneration: a review","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00066-1","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations of the International Working Group","volume":"20","author":"Dubois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01810-2","article-title":"Retinal peri-arteriolar versus peri-venular amyloidosis, hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive impairment: exploratory trial","volume":"12","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04106-7","article-title":"Liraglutide in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2b clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Edison","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0723","article-title":"Addition of vision impairment to a life-course model of potentially modifiable dementia risk factors in the US","volume":"79","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib53","article-title":"Retinal imaging demonstrates reduced capillary density in clinically unimpaired APOE \u03b54 gene carriers","volume":"13","author":"Elahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.030","article-title":"SYK coordinates neuroprotective microglial responses in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"185","author":"Ennerfelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.008","article-title":"Thalamic structures and associated cognitive functions: relations with age and aging","volume":"54","author":"Fama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S68557","article-title":"Tailored lighting intervention improves measures of sleep, depression, and agitation in persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia living in long-term care facilities","author":"Figueiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging 9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132445","article-title":"The cell biology of phagocytosis","volume":"7","author":"Flannagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02931-w","article-title":"APOE4 homozygosity represents a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"30","author":"Fortea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.12.015","article-title":"Human and macaque pupil responses driven by melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells","volume":"47","author":"Gamlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15834","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115834","article-title":"Potential retinal biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"24","author":"Garc\u00eda-Berm\u00fadez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101361","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14179","article-title":"The relationship between adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Geigenm\u00fcller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23885","article-title":"Microglial CX3CR1 production increases in Alzheimer's disease and is regulated by noradrenaline","volume":"69","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Prieto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000741","article-title":"Spectral responses of the human circadian system depend on the irradiance and duration of exposure to light","volume":"2","author":"Gooley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210152","article-title":"Phase 2A proof-of-concept double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide in early Alzheimer disease","volume":"104","author":"Grill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00925","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory processes, A1 astrocyte activation and protein aggregation in the retina of Alzheimer's disease patients, possible biomarkers for early diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211851","article-title":"TREM2 variants in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"368","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107776","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes drive neuronal death after retinal injury","volume":"31","author":"Guttenplan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12242-1","article-title":"Non-invasive in vivo hyperspectral imaging of the retina for potential biomarker use in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Hadoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24181","article-title":"Melanopsin expressing human retinal ganglion cells: subtypes, distribution, and intraretinal connectivity","volume":"525","author":"Hannibal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"217","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01292-5","article-title":"Early detection of dementia through retinal imaging and trustworthy AI","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh129","article-title":"Disrupted daily activity\/rest cycles in relation to daily cortisol rhythms of home-dwelling patients with early Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"127","author":"Hatfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6421","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076421","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging of human sub-RPE calcification in vitro following chlortetracycline infusion","volume":"24","author":"Hegde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.29","article-title":"Combined evidence for a long-term, clinical slowing effect of multinutrient intervention in prodromal Alzheimer's disease: post-hoc analysis of 3-year data from the LipiDiDiet trial","volume":"10","author":"Hendrix","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150804","article-title":"Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"315","author":"Hinton","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03017.2001","article-title":"Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Hirai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8373","article-title":"Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models","volume":"352","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90328","article-title":"The aging clock: circadian rhythms and later life","volume":"127","author":"Hood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.286","article-title":"Endosome maturation","volume":"30","author":"Huotari","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000204645.56873.26","article-title":"Relationship between cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnormalities in Alzheimer disease","volume":"26","author":"Iseri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00055","article-title":"Visual and ocular manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and their use as biomarkers for diagnosis and progression","volume":"7","author":"Javaid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00360","article-title":"Is the retina a mirror of the aging brain? Aging of neural retina layers and primary visual cortex across the lifespan","volume":"11","author":"Jorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.035","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein isoform expression in plaque related astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"35","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01648-1","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Katsimpris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (Lond. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02438-7","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Katsimpris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.09.002","article-title":"Signaling to NF-\u03baB by Toll-like receptors","volume":"13","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.02.014","article-title":"Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"113","author":"Kesler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10876","article-title":"The effects of age and Cx3cr1 deficiency on retinal microglia in the Ins2(Akita) diabetic mouse","volume":"54","author":"Kezic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.661938","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells\u2014diversity of cell types and clinical relevance","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318267fd5f","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"33","author":"Kirbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09439.x","article-title":"Brain cytochrome oxidase in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"59","author":"Kish","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02548-2","article-title":"Retinal pathological features and proteome signatures of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"145","author":"Koronyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":". 1","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.020","article-title":"Identification of amyloid plaques in retinas from Alzheimer's patients and noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of retinal plaques in a mouse model","volume":"54","author":"Koronyo-Hamaoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51773","article-title":"Multimodal investigation of melanopsin retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"La Morgia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.07.023","article-title":"Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells: implications for human diseases","volume":"51","author":"La Morgia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24548","article-title":"Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss in Alzheimer disease","volume":"79","author":"La Morgia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133164","article-title":"Photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells in health and disease: implications for circadian rhythms","volume":"20","author":"Lax","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100265","article-title":"CX3CR1 deficiency alters microglial activation and reduces beta-amyloid deposition in two Alzheimer's disease mouse models","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.017","article-title":"CD47 protects synapses from excess microglia-mediated pruning during development","volume":"100","author":"Lehrman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab922","article-title":"Effect of a multi-domain lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk in older people: the FINGER trial","volume":"43","author":"Lehtisalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002328","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers for early Alzheimer's detection: a systematic review of optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings","volume":"11","author":"Lepoittevin","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02454-1","article-title":"Single-cell atlas of the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility in the human retina","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00188","article-title":"Potential utility of retinal imaging for Alzheimer's disease: a review","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00602-9","article-title":"Association between retinal thickness and \u03b2-amyloid brain accumulation in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: Fundaci\u00f3 ACE Healthy Brain Initiative","volume":"12","author":"Marqui\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1195-2","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"570","author":"Mathys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.580609","article-title":"Face recognition deficits in a patient with Alzheimer's disease: amnesia or agnosia? The importance of electrophysiological markers for differential diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Mazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708092","article-title":"Senescence and aging: causes, consequences, and therapeutic avenues","volume":"217","author":"McHugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4048-05.2006","article-title":"Glial cells dilate and constrict blood vessels: a mechanism of neurovascular coupling","volume":"26","author":"Metea","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08901","article-title":"MRI biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: the impact of functional connectivity in the default mode network and structural connectivity between lobes on diagnostic accuracy","volume":"8","author":"Mohtasib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.10.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction is a trigger of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology","volume":"1802","author":"Moreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-013-0026-y","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: methodological and physiological considerations for PET studies","volume":"1","author":"Mosconi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110866","article-title":"Reduced mitochondria cytochrome oxidase activity in adult children of mothers with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"27","author":"Mosconi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207885","article-title":"Increased Alzheimer's risk during the menopause transition: a 3-year longitudinal brain imaging study","volume":"13","author":"Mosconi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.636330","article-title":"Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the human retina","volume":"12","author":"Mure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-017-0072-5","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in AD pathogenesis: a critical appraisal","volume":"3","author":"Musiek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.121","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythms, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease","volume":"47","author":"Musiek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1563","article-title":"Association of retinal neurodegeneration on optical coherence tomography with dementia: a population-based study","volume":"75","author":"Mutlu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7962","article-title":"Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer: automated detection and thickness reproducibility with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography in glaucoma","volume":"52","author":"Mwanza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01898-6","article-title":"3-Dimensional morphological characterization of neuroretinal microglia in Alzheimer's disease via machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Nassrallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0195","article-title":"Glial cell regulation of neuronal activity and blood flow in the retina by release of gliotransmitters","volume":"370","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10040-0","article-title":"The M\u00fcller cell: a functional element of the retina","volume":"19","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226197","article-title":"Pupillometry evaluation of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell function and sleep-wake activity in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.004","article-title":"Isolation of glia from Alzheimer's mice reveals inflammation and dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Orre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00168-5","article-title":"Tau biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: towards implementation in clinical practice and trials","volume":"21","author":"Ossenkoppele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/32.4.422","article-title":"Colour vision deficiencies in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"32","author":"Pache","year":"2003","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14585","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities","volume":"176","author":"Perez Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30278-8","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Petzold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8644","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness reproducibility using seven different OCT instruments","volume":"53","author":"Pierro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23827","article-title":"Sex and the development of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"95","author":"Pike","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.23","article-title":"Diagnosis of early Alzheimer's disease: clinical practice in 2021","volume":"8","author":"Porsteinsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199903)45:3<358::AID-ANA12>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Tangles and plaques in nondemented aging and 'preclinical' Alzheimer's disease","volume":"45","author":"Price","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.007","article-title":"The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Prince","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00545-9","article-title":"CX3CR1 deficiency aggravates amyloid driven neuronal pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Puntambekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0909142","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"362","author":"Querfurth","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102523","article-title":"Associations between vision impairment and eye diseases with dementia, dementia subtypes and cognitive impairment: an umbrella review","volume":"101","author":"Rahmati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01668-5","article-title":"Association and multimodal model of retinal and blood-based biomarkers for detection of preclinical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.22.2642","article-title":"Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Riemersma-van der Lek","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00160","article-title":"Mechanisms of A\u03b2 clearance and degradation by glial cells","volume":"8","author":"Ries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa019","article-title":"Visual contrast sensitivity is associated with the presence of cerebral amyloid and tau deposition","volume":"2","author":"Risacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00023-3","article-title":"Vision and cognition in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"38","author":"Rizzo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.5730","article-title":"Characterization of retinal microvascular and choroidal structural changes in Parkinson disease","volume":"139","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902330107","article-title":"Parasol and midget ganglion cells of the human retina","volume":"233","author":"Rodieck","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1295129","article-title":"Chromatic pupillometry for evaluating melanopsin retinal ganglion cell function in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: a review","volume":"14","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00780","article-title":"Chromatic pupillometry findings in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01398-8","article-title":"Genome-wide association study and polygenic risk scores of retinal thickness across the cognitive continuum: data from the NORFACE cohort","volume":"16","author":"S\u00e1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2018.01.003","article-title":"Change in retinal structural anatomy during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib153","article-title":"Baseline characteristics from EVOKE and EVOKE+: two phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials of semaglutide in participants with early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Scheltens","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years","volume":"8","author":"Selkoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.12.029","article-title":"The association between vision impairment and incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment","volume":"128","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02134-w","article-title":"Identification of early pericyte loss and vascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease retina","volume":"139","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239","article-title":"Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"330","author":"Sims","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.332136","article-title":"Evaluation of suprachiasmatic nucleus in Alzheimer's disease with non-invasive magnetic resonance methods","volume":"17","author":"Singer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(02)00198-5","article-title":"Melatonin rhythmicity: effect of age and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"38","author":"Skene","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12179","article-title":"Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"17","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12172","article-title":"36-month LipiDiDiet multinutrient clinical trial in prodromal Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Soininen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108271","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonist NLY01 reduces retinal inflammation and neuron death secondary to ocular hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Sterling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.05.004","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"94","author":"Subhramanyam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01233-y","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy: an updated review","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-024-00187-9","article-title":"SenMayo transcriptomic senescence panel highlights glial cells in the ageing mouse and human retina","volume":"10","author":"Suresh","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.09.010","article-title":"The Alzheimer's disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives","volume":"1842","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101818","article-title":"Visual search in mild cognitive impairment: a longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Tales","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9070-5","article-title":"Differential roles of M1 and M2 microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823","article-title":"The OSCAR-IB consensus criteria for retinal OCT quality assessment","volume":"7","author":"Tewarie","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200302000-00014","article-title":"Glial modulation of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Tezel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00261.x","article-title":"An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans","volume":"535","author":"Thapan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22468","article-title":"Circadian activity rhythms and risk of incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older women","volume":"70","author":"Tranah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.68","article-title":"Visual field loss in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type","volume":"45","author":"Trick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23240","article-title":"Outer retinal assessment using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease","volume":"59","author":"Uchida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2006.10.004","article-title":"Impaired platelet mitochondrial activity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"6","author":"Valla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948","article-title":"Lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"388","author":"van Dyck","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12668","article-title":"Necrosome-positive granulovacuolar degeneration is associated with TDP-43 pathological lesions in the hippocampus of ALS\/FTLD cases","volume":"47","author":"Van Schoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003","article-title":"Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina","volume":"51","author":"Vecino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-06-01809.2001","article-title":"Estrogen prevents the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in microglia","volume":"21","author":"Vegeto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.048","article-title":"Sex-specific features of microglia from adult mice","volume":"23","author":"Villa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":". 2","key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S527","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100501","article-title":"Why women have more Alzheimer's disease than men: gender and mitochondrial toxicity of amyloid-\u03b2 peptide","volume":"20","author":"Vi\u00f1a","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115100-00004","article-title":"Sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Vitiello","year":"2001","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1513302","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers for the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151948","article-title":"TREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00376-6","article-title":"Mitochondria dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902890308","article-title":"Parasol and midget ganglion cells of the primate retina","volume":"289","author":"Watanabe","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib191","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lasker\/IRRF Initiative on Astrocytes and Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration Participants","volume":"157","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroinflamm. Glaucoma. a New. Oppor. Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100355","article-title":"A convolutional neural network using multimodal retinal imaging for differentiation of mild cognitive impairment from normal cognition","volume":"4","author":"Wisely","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317659","article-title":"Convolutional neural network to identify symptomatic Alzheimer's disease using multimodal retinal imaging","volume":"106","author":"Wisely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90523-5","article-title":"Alterations in the circadian rest-activity rhythm in aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"27","author":"Witting","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib195","article-title":"Cognitive and Alzheimer's disease biomarker effects of oral nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (N. Y."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nm838","article-title":"Adult mouse astrocytes degrade amyloid-\u03b2 in vitro and in situ","volume":"9","author":"Wyss-Coray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01448-y","article-title":"M\u00fcller cell degeneration and microglial dysfunction in the Alzheimer's retina","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66092-9","article-title":"Cell atlas of the human fovea and peripheral retina","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib199","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Association between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and incident dementia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk cohort","volume":"94","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02377-1","article-title":"Assessment of individual retinal layer thickness and vascular changes in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Zabel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.0065","article-title":"Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities with donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: secondary analysis of the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ and ALZ 2 randomized clinical trials","volume":"82","author":"Zimmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."}],"container-title":["Ageing Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726002679?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1568163726002679?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:42:48Z","timestamp":1787658168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1568163726002679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":202,"alternative-id":["S1568163726002679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275","relation":{},"ISSN":["1568-1637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1568-1637","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The human retina in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathology, mechanisms, and biomarkers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ageing Research Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103275","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103275"}}