{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:53:54Z","timestamp":1781650434547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008631","name":"Royal British Legion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-rrct.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T17:17:18Z","timestamp":1561483038000},"page":"100007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Understanding Low Back Pain in Traumatic Lower Limb Amputees: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8924-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biranavan","family":"Sivapuratharasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.J.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison H.","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364614547410","article-title":"Evaluation of disabilities and activities of daily living of war-related bilateral lower extremity amputees","volume":"40","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4250-9","article-title":"What is the magnitude and long-term economic cost of care of the british military Afghanistan amputee cohort?","volume":"473","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.09.0155","article-title":"Physical activity and lower-back pain in persons with traumatic transfemoral amputation: a national cross-sectional survey","volume":"49","author":"Devan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.21962","article-title":"Back pain as a secondary disability in persons with lower limb amputations","volume":"82","author":"Ehde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"361","key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199904000-00005","article-title":"Phantom limb, residual limb, and back pain after lower extremity amputations","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib7","first-page":"79","article-title":"Phantom sensation, phantom pain, and stump pain","volume":"74","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib8","series-title":"Handbook of pain assessment","first-page":"135","article-title":"Self-report scales and procedures for assessing pain in adults","author":"Jensen","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2007.08.011","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of patients undergoing war-related amputations of the foot and ankle","volume":"46","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611407676","article-title":"Postural asymmetries in transfemoral amputees","volume":"35","author":"Gaunaurd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.05.0135","article-title":"Spinal, pelvic, and hip movement asymmetries in people with lower-limb amputation: systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Devan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.11.012","article-title":"Asymmetrical movements of the lumbopelvic region: is this a potential mechanism for low back pain in people with lower limb amputation?","volume":"82","author":"Devan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20750","article-title":"Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies","volume":"53","author":"da Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200008150-00017","article-title":"Systematic review of psychosocial factors at work and private life as risk factors for back pain","volume":"25","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200203010-00017","article-title":"A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity\/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain","volume":"27","author":"Pincus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj055","article-title":"Does back pain prevalence really decrease with increasing age? A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Dionne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198905000-00005","article-title":"Lifestyle and low-back pain. The influence of smoking and obesity","volume":"14","author":"Deyo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00016","article-title":"Factors related to the onset and persistence of chronic back pain in the community: results from a general population follow-up study","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.37.3.252","article-title":"Bone and joint changes in lower limb amputees","volume":"37","author":"Burke","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509000-00009","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of low back pain in the general population. Evidence from the South Manchester Back Pain Survey","volume":"20","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","article-title":"A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain","volume":"64","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr819oa","article-title":"Chronic low back pain in traumatic lower limb amputees","volume":"19","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.5812\/traumamon.5135","article-title":"Pain and health-related quality of life in war veterans with bilateral lower limb amputations","volume":"17","author":"Rahimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trauma Mon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.031","article-title":"Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: results of a national survey","volume":"86","author":"Ephraim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181a10241","article-title":"Quality of life among veterans with war-related unilateral lower extremity amputation: a long-term survey in a prosthesis center in Iran","volume":"23","author":"Taghipour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-007-0111-1","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of back pain and residual limb pain in lower limb amputees at the National Rehabilitation Hospital","volume":"177","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2006.11.0147","article-title":"Review of secondary physical conditions associated with lower-limb amputation and long-term prosthesis use","volume":"45","author":"Gailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.623756","article-title":"Impact of pain in vertebral column on activities of daily living in the Iranian amputees with bilateral lower limb amputation","volume":"34","author":"Ashraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.08.011","article-title":"Low back pain in persons with lower extremity amputation: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Highsmith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364610389357","article-title":"Prevalence of back pain, its effect on functional ability and health-related quality of life in lower limb amputees secondary to trauma or tumour: a comparison across three levels of amputation","volume":"35","author":"Hammarlund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.09.134","article-title":"Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations","volume":"98","author":"Jarvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.12.005","article-title":"Three-dimensional joint reaction forces and moments at the low back during over-ground walking in persons with unilateral lower-extremity amputation","volume":"29","author":"Hendershot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.402","article-title":"Mediolateral joint powers at the low back among persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation","volume":"96","author":"Hendershot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.05.011","article-title":"Persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation have altered lumbosacral kinetics during sitting and standing movements","volume":"42","author":"Hendershot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib37","first-page":"28","article-title":"Walking speed differentially alters spinal loads in persons with traumatic lower limb amputation","volume":"28","author":"Hendershot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.07.019","article-title":"The relationship between pelvis-trunk coordination and low back pain in individuals with transfemoral amputations","volume":"40","author":"Russell Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.11.018","article-title":"Persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation experience larger spinal loads during level-ground walking compared to able-bodied individuals","volume":"32","author":"Shojaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2532","article-title":"Characterization of lateral abdominal muscle thickness in persons with lower extremity amputations","volume":"37","author":"Springer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90172-4","article-title":"Mechanical energy generation, absorption and transfer amongst segments during walking","volume":"13","author":"Robertson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.02.004","article-title":"Exploring factors influencing low back pain in people with nondysvascular lower limb amputation: a national survey","volume":"9","author":"Devan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"1-6","key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01160","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of war-related hip disarticulation and transpelvic amputation","volume":"95","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.946158","article-title":"Perceptions of low back pain in people with lower limb amputation: a focus group study","volume":"37","author":"Devan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.11.004","article-title":"Improvements in hip- and pelvic motion for patients with osseointegrated trans-femoral prostheses","volume":"33","author":"Tranberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2004.08.0090","article-title":"Physical and functional measures related to low back pain in individuals with lower-limb amputation: an exploratory pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Friel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib48","series-title":"The biomechanics of back pain","author":"Adams","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib49","first-page":"82","article-title":"Gait analysis in amputees","volume":"64","author":"Skinner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib50","first-page":"231","article-title":"The relationship between gait parameters and pain in persons with transtibial amputation: a preliminary report","volume":"35","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.008","article-title":"Persons with lower-limb amputation have impaired trunk postural control while maintaining seated balance","volume":"38","author":"Hendershot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000137","article-title":"Spinal and pelvic kinematics during gait in people with lower-limb amputation, with and without low back pain: an exploratory study","volume":"29","author":"Devan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Prosth Orthot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000405","article-title":"Pelvic and spinal motion during walking in persons with transfemoral amputation with and without low back pain","volume":"95","author":"Fatone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640500217182","article-title":"Trans-femoral amputee gait: socket-pelvis constraints and compensation strategies","volume":"29","author":"Rabuffetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.07.006","article-title":"Balance control in lower extremity amputees during quiet standing: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Ku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200201000-00004","article-title":"Postural sway and active balance performance in highly active lower-limb amputees","volume":"81","author":"Buckley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(96)00053-8","article-title":"Anticipatory postural adjustments during standing in below-the-knee amputees","volume":"12","author":"Aruin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib58","first-page":"174","article-title":"Standing sway and weight-bearing distribution in people with below-knee amputations","volume":"73","author":"Isakov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.07.023","article-title":"Postural responses during volitional and perturbed dynamic balance tasks in new lower limb amputees: a longitudinal study","volume":"37","author":"Barnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.07.008","article-title":"Dynamic balance control (DBC) in lower leg amputee subjects; contribution of the regulatory activity of the prosthesis side","volume":"27","author":"Nederhand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640008726533","article-title":"Equilibrium and movement control strategies in trans-tibial amputees","volume":"24","author":"Viton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.04.007","article-title":"Postural changes after sustained neck muscle contraction in persons with a lower leg amputation","volume":"19","author":"Duclos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib63","first-page":"50","article-title":"Effect of stump length on postural steadiness during quiet stance in unilateral trans-tibial amputee","volume":"3","author":"Lenka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Al Ameen J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.260","article-title":"Outcomes after trans-tibial amputation: the relationship between quiet stance ability, strength of hip abductor muscles and gait","volume":"7","author":"Nadollek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679108996638","article-title":"Standing balance in hip fracture patients. 20 middle-aged patients compared with 20 healthy subjects","volume":"62","author":"Jarnlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649409164400","article-title":"Standing balance in trans-tibial amputees following vascular disease or trauma: a comparative study with healthy subjects","volume":"18","author":"Hermodsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198309000-00010","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality","volume":"8","author":"Friberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648409146072","article-title":"Biomechanical significance of the correct length of lower limb prostheses: a clinical and radiological study","volume":"8","author":"Friberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2011.05.007","article-title":"The relationship of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus clinical muscle tests\u00a0in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"16","author":"Hides","year":"2011","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200109000-00002","article-title":"The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine to predict low-back pain in asymptomatic subjects: a seven-year follow-up study","volume":"83-a","author":"Borenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00434112","article-title":"Age-dependent correlation of low-back pain and lumbar disc degeneration","volume":"116","author":"Paajanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463713487324","article-title":"Traumatic amputations","volume":"7","author":"Clasper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.02.008","article-title":"Comparing the surgical timelines of military and civilians traumatic lower limb amputations","volume":"6","author":"Staruch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648909078214","article-title":"Primary survival and prosthetic fitting of lower limb amputees","volume":"13","author":"Pohjolainen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001696683","article-title":"Prevalence of low back pain after transfemoral amputation related to physical activity and other prosthesis-related parameters","volume":"26","author":"Stam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(02)04952-3","article-title":"Physical, mental, and social predictors of functional outcome in unilateral lower-limb amputees","volume":"84","author":"Schoppen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1129446","article-title":"Physical and social factors determining quality of life for veterans with lower-limb amputation(s): a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007_bib78","series-title":"Blast injury science and engineering: a guide for clinicians and researchers","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590109519300060?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590109519300060?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T01:42:41Z","timestamp":1762911761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590109519300060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2590109519300060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-1095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Understanding Low Back Pain in Traumatic Lower Limb Amputees: A Systematic Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arrct.2019.100007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100007"}}