{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:49:51Z","timestamp":1776786591421,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011594","name":"Penn State College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-rrct.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T22:07:53Z","timestamp":1589839673000},"page":"100060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance of Pain Interventionalists From Different Specialties in Treating Degenerative Disk Disease-Related Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Weibin","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edeanya","family":"Agbese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan Z.","family":"Solaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Gater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198709000-00002","article-title":"1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain","volume":"12","author":"Waddell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199805)41:5<778::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Lawrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.543","article-title":"The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain","volume":"169","author":"Freburger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","article-title":"A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain","volume":"64","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002150-00016","article-title":"Low back pain in relation to lumbar disc degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Luoma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10180","article-title":"Discogenic back pain: literature review of definition, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Fujii","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509000-00007","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150429","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0429","article-title":"Inflammation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Molinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000231761.73859.2c","article-title":"What is intervertebral disc degeneration, and what causes it?","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6928.577","article-title":"Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute low back pain: an inception cohort study in primary care practice","volume":"308","author":"Coste","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7141.1356","article-title":"Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study","volume":"316","author":"Croft","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200103150-00019","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of standard discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a follow-up study of more than 10 years","volume":"26","author":"Yorimitsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E53","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E53","article-title":"Is the history of a surgical discectomy related to the source of chronic low back pain?","volume":"15","author":"DePalma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182741b21","article-title":"Total disc replacement for chronic discogenic low back pain: a Cochrane review","volume":"38","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1883-8","article-title":"Comparison of artificial total disc replacement versus fusion for lumbar degenerative disc disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken470","article-title":"Analgesic effects of treatments for non-specific low back pain: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials","volume":"48","author":"Machado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.01.002","article-title":"Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain","volume":"24","author":"van Middelkoop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semss.2009.08.009","article-title":"Effective conservative treatment for chronic low back pain","volume":"21","author":"Rainville","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a103b1","article-title":"Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"34","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E199","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E199","article-title":"Effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections in managing lumbar spinal pain","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01508.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal injection of steroids: a comprehensive review with systematic analysis of the published data","volume":"14","author":"MacVicar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2017.08.007","article-title":"Lumbar epidural steroid injections","volume":"29","author":"Rivera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2001\/4\/24","article-title":"Interventional techniques in the management of chronic pain: Part 2.0","volume":"4","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib25","series-title":"Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","author":"Bogduk","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib26","series-title":"Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","author":"Bogduk","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2008.11.013","article-title":"Clinical survey: patterns of utilization of lumbar epidural steroid injections by a cohort of spinal surgeons","volume":"1","author":"Lebude","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and treatment of discogenic pain: a systematic review of recent clinical literature","volume":"13","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib29","article-title":"Back Pain - Invasive Procedures","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Policy Bulletins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.10.005","article-title":"Utilization characteristics of spinal interventions","volume":"12","author":"Abbott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E7","article-title":"Pain medicine board certification status among physicians performing interventional pain procedures in the state of Florida between 2010 and 2016","volume":"23","author":"Epstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3180b9f96e","article-title":"Increases in lumbosacral injections in the Medicare population: 1994 to 2001","volume":"32","author":"Friedly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013042","article-title":"Retrospective cohort study of usage patterns of epidural injections for spinal pain in the US fee-for-service Medicare population from 2000 to 2014","volume":"6","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions","volume":"391","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199802150-00013","article-title":"The importance of radiating leg pain in assessing health outcomes among patients with low back pain - results from the Veterans Health Study","volume":"23","author":"Selim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.344","article-title":"Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain?","volume":"303","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d79a09","article-title":"Management patterns in acute low back pain: the role of physical therapy","volume":"37","author":"Gellhorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2007.06.004","article-title":"The impact of specialist care for low back pain on health service utilization in primary care patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Chenot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1420","article-title":"Surgery versus nonsurgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized trial","volume":"162","author":"Delitto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-008-0073-3","article-title":"The H-Wave device is an effective and safe non-pharmacological analgesic for chronic pain: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-0909-9","article-title":"A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with mechanical lumbar traction","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","article-title":"Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"166","author":"Qaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.03.008","article-title":"Physician referrals to physical therapists for the treatment of spine disorders","volume":"5","author":"Freburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000136261.21711.85","article-title":"Impact of national low back pain guidelines on clinical practice","volume":"98","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001875","article-title":"Stagnant physical therapy referral rates alongside rising opioid prescription rates in patients with low back pain in the United States 1997-2010","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00007","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society\/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline","volume":"147","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501000-00003","article-title":"Physician office visits for low back pain. Frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a U.S. national survey","volume":"20","author":"Hart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12984","article-title":"Physical therapy as the first point of care to treat low back pain: an instrumental variables approach to estimate impact on opioid prescription, health care utilization, and costs","volume":"53","author":"Frogner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825d32f5","article-title":"Primary care referral of patients with low back pain to physical therapy: impact on future health care utilization and costs","volume":"37","author":"Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060_bib50","first-page":"61","article-title":"Spinal fusion for chronic low back pain: a 'magic bullet' or wishful thinking?","volume":"10","author":"Dhillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malays Orthop J"}],"container-title":["Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590109520300252?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2590109520300252?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1762911791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2590109520300252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2590109520300252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-1095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-1095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Performance of Pain Interventionalists From Different Specialties in Treating Degenerative Disk Disease-Related Low Back Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100060","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100060"}}