{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:05:10Z","timestamp":1790139910185,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.es","elsevier.es","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cl\u00ednica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Arteriosclerosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:22:07Z","timestamp":1790137327000},"page":"500964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early-life atherogenesis: Mechanistic pathways, risk architecture, and clinical implications in pediatric populations"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Citlaly Natali","family":"de la Torre-Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"L\u00f3pez-Marure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Ochoa-D\u00edaz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Antonio","family":"Irecta-N\u00e1jera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0500","series-title":"Ischemic Heart Disease","first-page":"15","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a multifactorial process","author":"Buja","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.107.038661","article-title":"Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Spagnoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks, 1990\u20132022","volume":"82","author":"Mensah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.015","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132023","volume":"86","author":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","article-title":"Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/912047","article-title":"Atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children","volume":"2015","author":"D\u2019Adamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0530","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Incorporating risk stratification into the practice of pediatric preventive cardiology","volume":"36","author":"Khoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2882","article-title":"Screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents","volume":"172","author":"Khoury","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204342","article-title":"Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with obesity and metabolic syndrome may predict future cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Tragomalou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.1999.11904397","article-title":"Imaging of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and young adults","volume":"31","author":"Raitakari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.192639","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"54","author":"Urbina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90726-F","article-title":"Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study)","volume":"70","author":"Berenson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806043382302","article-title":"Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"338","author":"Berenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018042","article-title":"Pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth (PDAY) risk score in young adults predicts coronary artery and abdominal aorta calcium in middle age: the CARDIA study","volume":"133","author":"Gidding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210721","article-title":"Subclinical atherosclerosis progression in obese children with relevant cardiometabolic risk factors can be assessed through carotid intima media thickness","volume":"11","author":"Mihuta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6479","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216479","article-title":"Screening and management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Schefelker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21625","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Furukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.160192","article-title":"Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Adiels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2012.9.82","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and diabetes: reciprocal impact of impaired lipid metabolism and Beta-cell dysfunction on micro- and macrovascular complications","volume":"9","author":"Bardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Diabet Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10762","article-title":"Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R200004-JLR200","article-title":"Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity","volume":"43","author":"Berneis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000172689.53992.25","article-title":"Overproduction of VLDL1 driven by hyperglycemia is a dominant feature of diabetic dyslipidemia","volume":"25","author":"Adiels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.1","article-title":"Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein: a new therapeutic target at the crossroads of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Kontush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq235","article-title":"Silencing of either SR-A or CD36 reduces atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic mice and reveals reciprocal upregulation of these receptors","volume":"88","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2014010267","article-title":"Scavenger receptor-A (CD204): a two-edged sword in health and disease","volume":"34","author":"Kelley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721","article-title":"Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture","volume":"114","author":"Bentzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204414","article-title":"Targeting the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R): antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic nutrients","volume":"14","author":"Harishkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000033818.21748.99","article-title":"Low density lipoproteins downregulate lysyl oxidase in vascular endothelial cells and the arterial wall","volume":"22","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038109.84500.1E","article-title":"Inactivation of the lysyl oxidase gene Lox leads to aortic aneurysms, cardiovascular dysfunction, and perinatal death in mice","volume":"106","author":"M\u00e4ki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12228","article-title":"The collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase is associated with the healing of human atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"276","author":"Ovchinnikova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15656","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to hypoxia induces early arterial stiffening via activation of lysyl oxidases","volume":"11","author":"Steppan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001614","article-title":"Combined effects of child and adult elevated blood pressure on subclinical atherosclerosis: the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium","volume":"128","author":"Juhola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0478-5","article-title":"Adiposity and carotid intima media thickness in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2017.0149","article-title":"Association between carotid intima media thickness, age, and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Gooty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2015.06.008","article-title":"Combined dyslipidemia in childhood","volume":"9","author":"Kavey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1456","article-title":"Usefulness of the high triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio to identify cardiometabolic risk factors and preclinical signs of organ damage in outpatient children","volume":"35","author":"Di Bonito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.02.002","article-title":"Use of lipid ratios to predict vascular target organ damage in youth","volume":"18","author":"Henson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-03012-w","article-title":"Evaluation of arterial stiffness and carotid intima\u2013media thickness in children with primary and renal hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Altay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20882","article-title":"Mutations and polymorphisms in the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) gene in cholesterol metabolism and disease","volume":"30","author":"Abifadel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-1037","article-title":"Lipid profile and genetic status in a familial hypercholesterolemia pediatric population: exploring the LDL\/HDL ratio","volume":"57","author":"Di Taranto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02539-3","article-title":"Clinical characterization of familial hypercholesterolemia due to an Amish founder mutation in apolipoprotein B","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.979450","article-title":"Molecular basis of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia: assessment in a large cohort of hypercholesterolemic children","volume":"123","author":"van der Graaf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11040123","article-title":"Simplified criteria for identification of familial hypercholesterolemia in children: application in real life","volume":"11","author":"Buganza","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09129-5","article-title":"Effects of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on carotid intima\u2013media thickness, incident myocardial infarction and incident stroke","volume":"12","author":"Pitchika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.ED193","article-title":"The roles of genetic analysis in the diagnosis of pediatric patients with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"29","author":"Harada-Shiba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000863","article-title":"Genotype\u2013phenotype correlation in a large cohort of pediatric patients with heterozygous and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"34","author":"Reijman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.01.007","article-title":"ABCG5 and ABCG8 genetic variants in familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"14","author":"Reeskamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025079","article-title":"Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase promoter genotype, dietary arachidonic acid, and atherosclerosis","volume":"350","author":"Dwyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/964236","article-title":"Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?","volume":"2014","author":"Bhurosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1085-7","article-title":"Environmental and socio-economic factors as contributors to racial disparities in diabetes prevalence","volume":"24","author":"LaVeist","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000752","article-title":"Built environments and cardiovascular health: review and implications","volume":"42","author":"Chandrabose","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prevent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-023-01111-4","article-title":"Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"25","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00435-4","article-title":"Child and adolescent obesity","volume":"9","author":"Lister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1191119","article-title":"Impact of puberty, sex determinants and chronic inflammation on cardiovascular risk in young people","volume":"10","author":"Allalou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1340","article-title":"Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in children. Do they play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis?","volume":"11","author":"Fotis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0785","first-page":"242","article-title":"Serum markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in children with obesity-related hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Garanty-Bogacka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0790","article-title":"The association between metabolic components and markers of inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction in adolescents, based on the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2014.12.010","article-title":"Total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predicts high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in Turkish children","volume":"9","author":"Agirbasli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040450","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), activin-A and clusterin in children and adolescents with obesity or type-1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2140","article-title":"Impaired flow-mediated vasodilation, carotid artery intima\u2013media thickening, and elevated endothelial plasma markers in obese children: the impact of cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"117","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20071196","article-title":"The lectin-like oxidized low-density-lipoprotein receptor: a pro-inflammatory factor in vascular disease","volume":"409","author":"Dunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.149179","article-title":"Vascular adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Galkina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.172270","article-title":"Site-specific effects of PECAM-1 on atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice","volume":"28","author":"Goel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/152786","article-title":"LOX-1, OxLDL, and atherosclerosis","volume":"2013","author":"Pirillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.06.001","article-title":"PECAM-1: conflicts of interest in inflammation","volume":"87","author":"Privratsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021675","article-title":"Deletion of L-selectin increases atherosclerosis development in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"6","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0840","first-page":"S213","article-title":"Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report","volume":"128","author":"Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac361","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061661","article-title":"Evidence and uncertainties on lipoprotein(a) as a marker of cardiovascular health risk in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Genovesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehag382","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"47","author":"Wiegman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3213","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"97","author":"Berglund","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2026.01.011","article-title":"Update on familial hypercholesterolemia: an expert clinical consensus from the National Lipid Association","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/ATV.0000000000000195","article-title":"Screening, diagnosis, and management of pediatric hypertriglyceridemia: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"46","author":"Peterson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X","article-title":"Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management","volume":"10","author":"Jebeile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwag125","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of treatment for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and multifactorial dyslipidaemia in children: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"33","author":"Le Thi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Prevent Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(03)00186-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"143","author":"McCrindle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.3.331","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"292","author":"Wiegman","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.11.004","article-title":"An overview of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents \u2013 the story so far","volume":"32","author":"Strati","year":"2026","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0900","series-title":"Pravachol (Pravastatin Sodium) Prescribing Information","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0905","series-title":"Crestor (Rosuvastatin Calcium) Prescribing Information","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0910","series-title":"Lipitor (Atorvastatin Calcium) Prescribing Information","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.09.002","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin in adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"52","author":"van der Graaf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.02.043","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe monotherapy in children with heterozygous familial or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"166","author":"Kusters","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916038","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity","volume":"382","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208601","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adolescents with obesity","volume":"387","author":"Weghuber","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2015.06.013","article-title":"Lipid-lowering medications for children and adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0452","article-title":"Triglycerides-to-HDL cholesterol ratio as a new marker of endothelial dysfunction in obese prepubertal children","volume":"170","author":"de Giorgis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2016-0479","article-title":"Assessment of the correlation between the atherogenic index of plasma and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: might it be superior to the TG\/HDL-C ratio?","volume":"30","author":"Nogay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.01.012","article-title":"Comparison of non-HDL-cholesterol versus triglycerides-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors and preclinical organ damage in overweight\/obese children: the CARITALY study","volume":"25","author":"Di Bonito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2114","article-title":"Non-HDL cholesterol levels in childhood and carotid intima\u2013media thickness in adulthood","volume":"145","author":"Juonala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0960","first-page":"160","article-title":"Triglycerides\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a cardiometabolic risk marker in children and adolescents from M\u00e9rida city, Venezuela","volume":"65","author":"Aguirre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac099","article-title":"Atherogenic indices in pediatric population in South\u2013Southeast region of Mexico","volume":"68","author":"G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.271","article-title":"Clinical utility gene card for: hyperlipoproteinemia, type II","volume":"22","author":"Kassner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030669","article-title":"How genetic variants in children with familial hypercholesterolemia not only guide detection, but also treatment","volume":"14","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0980","first-page":"935","article-title":"Udzia\u0142 selektyn w patogenezie i diagnostyce wczesnych zmian miazdzycowych u dzieci i m\u0142odziezy z czynnikami ryzyka (oty\u0142o\u015bcia, nadci\u015bnieniem, cukrzyca)","volume":"61","author":"G\u0142owi\u0144ska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2007.20.10.1125","article-title":"Relationship between endothelial dysfunction, carotid artery intima media thickness and circulating markers of vascular inflammation in obese hypertensive children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"G\u0142owi\u0144ska-Olszewska","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.4.311","article-title":"Evidence that phospholipid oxidation products and\/or platelet-activating factor play an important role in early atherogenesis: in vitro and in vivo inhibition by WEB 2086","volume":"85","author":"Subbanagounder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ Res"}],"container-title":["Cl\u00ednica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Arteriosclerosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0214916826000732?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0214916826000732?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:22:20Z","timestamp":1790137340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0214916826000732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S0214916826000732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964","relation":{},"ISSN":["0214-9168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0214-9168","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early-life atherogenesis: Mechanistic pathways, risk architecture, and clinical implications in pediatric populations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cl\u00ednica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Arteriosclerosis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arteri.2026.500964","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Arteriosclerosis. Published by Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L.U. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"500964"}}