{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:39:28Z","timestamp":1788586768812,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","arthroplastyjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Arthroplasty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,8]],"date-time":"2017-07-08T16:46:00Z","timestamp":1499532360000},"page":"3782-3795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Microstructure and Surface Damage in Retrieved Metal-on-Metal Hip\u00a0Arthroplasties"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Mariano","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fairen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Punset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Murcia-Asensio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ferrero-Manzanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e318041f0e7","article-title":"Resurfacing THA for patients younger than 50 year: results of 2- to 9-year followup","volume":"460","author":"Amstutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Development and validation of a second-generation metal-on-metal bearings. Laboratory studies and analysis of retrievals","volume":"19","author":"Rieker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B1.21530","article-title":"Ten-year results of a double-heat-treated metal-on-metal hip resurfacing","volume":"92","author":"Daniel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B3.25594","article-title":"Survival of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"van der Weegen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1038397","article-title":"Complications after hip resurfacing using the ASR prosthesis in patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"146","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Z\u00a0Orthop Unfall"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2011.08.022","article-title":"Disappointing short-term results with the DePuy ASR XL metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty","volume":"27","author":"Bernthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B8.26040","article-title":"Accelerating failure rate of the ASR total hip replacement","volume":"93","author":"Langton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B2.25099","article-title":"Adverse reaction to metal debris following hip resurfacing. The influence of component type, orientation and volumetric wear","volume":"93","author":"Langton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3023-6","article-title":"High prevalence of adverse reactions to metal debris in small-head ASR\u2122 hips","volume":"471","author":"Reito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B4.26429","article-title":"Metal-on metal bearings: the evidence so far","volume":"93","author":"Haddad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.29239","article-title":"Independent predictors of revision following metal-on-metal hip resurfacing. A retrospective cohort study using national joint registry data","volume":"94","author":"Jameson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B9.20243","article-title":"The exercise-related rise in plasma cobalt levels after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty","volume":"90","author":"Khan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B9.29462","article-title":"The ten-year survival of Birmingham hip resurfacing. An independent series","volume":"94","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/17453671003685434","article-title":"Outcome of primary resurfacing hip replacement: evaluation of risk factors for early revision. 12,093 replacements from the Australian Joint Registry","volume":"81","author":"Prosser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.05.032","article-title":"Wear analysis of 39 Conserve Plus metal-on-metal hip resurfacing retrievals","volume":"29","author":"Takamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B4.18054","article-title":"Chromium and cobalt ion release following the Durom high carbon content, forged metal-on-metal surface replacement of the hip","volume":"89","author":"Vendittoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0506-y","article-title":"Hip resurfacing arthroplasty. Risk factors for failure over 25 years","volume":"467","author":"Yue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2347-y","article-title":"Socket position determines resurfacing 10-year survivorship","volume":"479","author":"Amstutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7031866","article-title":"Surface characterization of retrieved metal-on-metal total hip implants from patients with adverse reaction to metal debris","volume":"7","author":"Burbano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B9.19891","article-title":"Revision of metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. The influence of malpositioning of the components","volume":"90","author":"De Haan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B10.20533","article-title":"Correlation between inclination of the acetabular component and metal ion levels in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing replacement","volume":"90","author":"De Haan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01266","article-title":"Understanding why metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties fail. A comparison between patients with well-functioning and revised Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasties","volume":"94","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1930-y","article-title":"Insufficient acetabular version increases blood metal ion levels after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing","volume":"469","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B10.22308","article-title":"Blood metal ion concentrations after hip resurfacing arthroplasty: a comparative study of articular surface replacement and Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasties","volume":"91","author":"Langton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670810016795","article-title":"Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty: a review of periprosthetic biological reactions","volume":"79","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.11.027","article-title":"Optimal acetabular component orientation estimated using edge-loading and\u00a0impingement risk in patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty","volume":"48","author":"Mellon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01447","article-title":"Which factors determine the wear rate of large-diameter metal-on-metal hip replacements? Multivariate analysis of two hundred and seventy-six components","volume":"95","author":"Hart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B3.23281","article-title":"Analysis of wear of retrieved metal-on-metal hip resurfacing implants revised due to pseudotumours","volume":"92","author":"Kwon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B3.25551","article-title":"Retrieval analysis of 240 metal-on-metal hip components, comparing modular total hip replacement with hip resurfacing","volume":"93","author":"Matthies","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00621","article-title":"Modes of implant failure after hip resurfacing: morphological and wear analysis of 267 retrieval specimens","volume":"90","author":"Morlock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411911431397","article-title":"Edge loading in metal-on-metal hips: low clearance is a new risk factor","volume":"226","author":"Underwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B5.26309","article-title":"High failure rates with a large-diameter hybrid metal-on-metal total hip replacement. Clinical, radiological and retrieval analysis","volume":"93","author":"Bolland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B6.14166","article-title":"Levels of metal ions after small- and large-diameter metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty","volume":"85","author":"Clarke","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B8.21701","article-title":"Early clinical failure of the Birmingham metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is associated with metallosis and soft tissue necrosis","volume":"91","author":"Ollivere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B4.22967","article-title":"The influence of the size of the component on the outcome of resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip. A review of the literature","volume":"92","author":"Shimmin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0607-y","article-title":"Ten different hip resurfacing systems: biomechanical analysis of design and material properties","volume":"33","author":"Heisel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20921","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analysis of design- and manufacturing-related parameters influencing the wear behavior of metal-on-metal hip joints replacements","volume":"24","author":"Kretzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM172","article-title":"Importance of head diameter, clearance, and cup wall thickness in elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing prostheses","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(03)00046-2","article-title":"A\u00a0tribological study of cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys used in metal-on-metal resurfacing hip arthroplasty","volume":"255","author":"Cawley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.5301\/HIP.2011.8885","article-title":"A\u00a0retrieval analysis of explanted Durom metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties","volume":"21","author":"Matthies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hip Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1792-3","article-title":"High revision rate at 5 years after hip resurfacing with the Durom implant","volume":"469","author":"Naal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30392","article-title":"Microstructural effects on the wear resistance of wrought and as-cast Co-Cr-Mo-C implant alloys","volume":"74","author":"Sald\u00edvar-Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B9.26511","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of explanted articular surface replacement and Birmingham hip resurfacing components","volume":"93","author":"Underwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"329 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00013","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo wear of 3 types of metal on metal hip prostheses during two decades of use","author":"McKellop","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM110","article-title":"The effect of microstructure on the wear of cobalt-based alloys used in metal-on-metal hip implants","volume":"220","author":"Varano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31403","article-title":"What is a \u201cnormal\u201d wear pattern for metal-on-metal hip bearings?","volume":"91","author":"Bowsher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"329 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199608001-00015","article-title":"Comparison of alloys and designs in a hip simulator study of metal on metal implants","author":"Medley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib50","series-title":"Alternative bearings in total joint replacement, ASTM STP 1346","first-page":"92","article-title":"Simulator wear of some commercially available metal-on-metal hip implants","author":"Medley","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib51","series-title":"Materials science and engineering, vol. 3. Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS)","first-page":"48","article-title":"Defects introduced into metals during fabrication and service","author":"Wilby","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib52","series-title":"Metal-on-metal total hip replacement devices. ASTM STP 1560","first-page":"251","article-title":"Microstructure of retrievals made from standard cast HC-CoCrMo alloys","author":"Stemmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000065","article-title":"Wear of metal-on-metal hip bearings: metallurgical considerations after hip simulator studies","volume":"34","author":"Affatato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.05.003","article-title":"Characterization of Co-Cr-Co alloys after a thermal treatment of high wear resistance","volume":"32","author":"Balagna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mat Sci Eng C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.08.028","article-title":"Influence of metal carbides on dissolution behavior of biomedical CoCrMo alloy: SEM, TEM and AFM studies","volume":"56","author":"Bettini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2013.12.010","article-title":"Effects of sigma phase and carbide on the wear behavior of CoCrMo alloys in Hank's solution","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wear"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a03","key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib57","first-page":"118","article-title":"A\u00a0hip joint simulator study of the performance of metal-on-metal joints. Part I: the role of materials","volume":"19","author":"Dowson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B5.23320","article-title":"Tribological performance of various CoCr microstructures in metal-on-metal bearings. The development of a more physiological protocol in\u00a0vitro","volume":"92","author":"Kamali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.03.013","article-title":"New insights into hard phases of CoCrMo metal-on-metal hip replacements","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.03.012","article-title":"Cobalt-based orthopaedic alloys: relationship between forming route, microstructure and tribological performance","volume":"32","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maters Sci Eng C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.10053","article-title":"Wear evaluation of cobalt-chromium alloy for use in a metal-on-metal hip prosthesis","volume":"68","author":"St John","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000238777.34939.82","article-title":"The John Charnley Award: a study of implant failure in metal-on-metal surface arthroplasties","volume":"453","author":"Campbell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib63","series-title":"Metal-on-metal total hip replacement devices. ASTM STP 1560","first-page":"157","article-title":"Normal and adverse wear patterns created in-vivo on metal-on-metal surfaces \u2013 a retrieval study representing four vendors","author":"Clarke","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00775","article-title":"The correlation of wear with histological features after failed hip resurfacing arthroplasty","volume":"95","author":"Grammatopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(99)90042-6","article-title":"Failure of a metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty from progressive osteolysis","volume":"14","author":"Klapperich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2011.07.009","article-title":"Volumetric wear assessment of failed metal-on-metal hip resurfacing prostheses","volume":"272","author":"Lord","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3199-9","article-title":"What causes unexplained pain in patients with metal-on-metal hip devices? A retrieval, histologic, and imaging analysis","volume":"472","author":"Nawabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01446","article-title":"Histologic, serologic, and tribologic findings in failed metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty","volume":"95","author":"Pelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib69","first-page":"46","article-title":"Analysis of 118 second-generation metal-on-metal retrieved hip implants","volume":"80","author":"Sieber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2008.06.022","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo wear rate of the Birmingham hip resurfacing arthroplasty. A review of 10 retrieved components","volume":"24","author":"Witzleb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e318137a13f","article-title":"Hip resurfacing femoral neck fracture influenced by valgus placement","volume":"465","author":"Anglin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198509000-00007","article-title":"Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries","volume":"198","author":"Tegner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib73","series-title":"Metal-on-metal total hip replacement devices. ASTM STP 1560","first-page":"115","article-title":"Approach, rationale, and examples of metal-on-metal device retrieval and analysis for evidence-based education","author":"Lemons","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B1.22769","article-title":"Articular surface replacement of the hip: a prospective single-surgeon series","volume":"92","author":"Jameson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B12.22287","article-title":"Risk factors for inflammatory pseudotumour formation following hip resurfacing","volume":"91","author":"Glyn-Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01884","article-title":"Prevalence of pseudotumor in asymptomatic patients after metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty","volume":"93","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.06.021","article-title":"Treatment of pseudotumors after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing based on magnetic resonance imaging, metal ion levels and symptoms","volume":"29","author":"van der Weegen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-010-1148-8","article-title":"Indications and results of hip resurfacing","volume":"35","author":"McMinn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2010.10.011","article-title":"Microstructural characterization of as-cast biocompatible Co-Cr-Mo alloys","volume":"62","author":"Giacchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater Charact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csefa.2012.10.002","article-title":"Failure analysis of Co-Cr hip resurfacing prosthesis during solidification","volume":"1","author":"Alvarez-Vera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Stud Eng Fail Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM387","article-title":"The wear of high-carbon metal-on-metal bearings after different heat treatments","volume":"222","author":"Kinbrum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00437","article-title":"Characterization of the running-in period in total hip resurfacing arthroplasty: an in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro metal ion analysis","volume":"90","author":"Heisel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30368","article-title":"Effect of synovial fluid, phosphate-buffered saline solution, and water on the dissolution and corrosion properties of CoCrMo alloys as used in orthopedic implants","volume":"73A","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Mater Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.5301\/HIP.2013.11462","article-title":"Development of metal\/metal hip resurfacing","volume":"13","author":"McMinn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hip Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2010.10.033","article-title":"Influence of microstructure of HC CoCrMo biomedical alloys on the corrosion and wear behavior in simulated body fluids","volume":"44","author":"Julian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tribol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2006.10.005","article-title":"Pin-on-disk wear behavior in a like-on-like configuration in a biological environment of high carbon cast and low carbon forged Co-29Cr-6Mo alloys","volume":"55","author":"Chiba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200606000-00002","article-title":"Survivorship and retrieval analysis of Sikomet metal-on-metal total hip replacements at a mean of seven years","volume":"88","author":"Milo\u0161ev","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30132","article-title":"Subsurface microstructure of metal-on-metal hip joints and its relationship to wear particle generation","volume":"72B","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomed Mater Res B: Appl Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5301\/hipint.5000215","article-title":"Detailed inspection of metal implants","volume":"25","author":"Hohti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hip Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2013.01.005","article-title":"European multidisciplinary consensus statement on the use and monitoring of metal-on-metal bearings for total hip replacement and hip resurfacing","volume":"99","author":"Hannemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Arthroplasty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0883540317305739?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0883540317305739?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T17:19:47Z","timestamp":1750526387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0883540317305739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0883540317305739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-5403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-5403","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microstructure and Surface Damage in Retrieved Metal-on-Metal Hip\u00a0Arthroplasties","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Arthroplasty","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.044","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}