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Injury can result in secondary symptoms and problems in other regions of the elbow. Sports requiring an overhead motion, such as throwing a ball, hitting a ball overhead, or serving a tennis ball, imparts a valgus stress on the elbow that is resisted by the UCL. Throwing sidearm or hitting a forehand in tennis, squash, or racquetball may also impart a valgus stress to the elbow. Repeated or excessive valgus stress places a force on the UCL that may result in injury to the ligament. Injury to the UCL may result in problems in other areas of the elbow, including the ulnar nerve, the flexor\u2010pronator musculotendinous unit, the radiocapitellar joint and the posterior compartment of the elbow, in addition to being a cause of loose bodies within the elbow. This article reviews the anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology of injury to the UCL and injuries to the other structures that result from UCL injury. Also reviewed are patient history, examination techniques, tests that help confirm the diagnosis of UCL injury, and treatment of the injured UCL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T07:30:25Z","timestamp":1133422225000},"page":"1381-1395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Safran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Columbia University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal S.","family":"Elattrache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Southern California Los Angeles California U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Elbow injuries in javelin throwers","volume":"93","author":"Waris W.","year":"1946","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90135-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199110000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199511000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200515"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199708000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100050309"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199104000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"The Elbow and Its Disorders","author":"Morrey B.F.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198512000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100506"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","author":"Armstrong A.D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The medial collateral ligament of the elbow is not isometric"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091500305"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Muscle and joint forces at the elbow during isometric lifting","volume":"2","author":"Hui F.C.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Orthop Trans"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Objective recording of the strength of normal muscles","volume":"32","author":"Elkins E.C.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Forearm positioning on maximal elbow flexor force","volume":"196","author":"Larson R.F.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"The Elbow and Its Disorders","author":"An K.\u2010N.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"The ulnar collateral ligament of the human elbow joint. 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