{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:37:30Z","timestamp":1791589050899,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthroscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purposes of this study were to examine the morphologic features of the axillary nerve and its relation to the glenoid under an arthroscopic setup, and to determine the changes in nerve position according to different arm positions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010three fresh\u2010frozen fore\u2010quarter cadaveric shoulder specimens were used for evaluations in an arthroscopic setup with the lateral decubitus position. The main trunk of the axillary nerve with or without some of its branches was exposed after careful arthroscopic dissection. Morphologic features and the course of the axillary nerve from the anterior and posterior portals were documented. The closest distances from the glenoid rim were measured with a probe by use of a distance range system. The changes in nerve position were determined in 4 different arm positions. At the end of arthroscopic examination, the nerves were marked and verified by open dissections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The axillary nerve appeared in the joint near the inferior edge of the subscapularis muscle. With reference to the inferior glenoid rim horizontally, the nerve had a mean running angle of 23\u00b0 (range, 14\u00b0 to 41\u00b0; SD, 8\u00b0). The closest points from the glenoid were between the 5:30\u2010 and 6:00\u2010o'clock position (right) or 6:00\u2010 and 6:30\u2010o'clock position (left). The closest distance range varied from 10 to 25 mm in the neutral arm position. The abduction\u2010neutral position resulted in the greatest distance between the inferior glenoid and the nerve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The abduction\u2013neutral rotation position was the optimal position for minimizing axillary nerve injuries, because it resulted in the greatest distance between the inferior glenoid and the nerve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge of the anatomy of the axillary nerve aids the shoulder surgeon in avoiding nerve injury during arthroscopic procedures. Abduction\u2013neutral rotation may be more helpful for arthroscopic surgeons performing procedures in the anteroinferior glenoid with the nerve being farther away from the working field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.07.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,6]],"date-time":"2007-12-06T11:57:32Z","timestamp":1196942252000},"page":"1271-1277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Arthroscopic Perspective of the Axillary Nerve in Relation to the Glenoid and Arm Position: A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jae Chul","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Dongguk University School of Medicine Dongguk International Hospital Ilsan City Kyonggido South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200004000-00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Axillary nerve injury","author":"Perlmutter G.S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat 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