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Databases included in this review were PubMed, Biosis Previews, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and EMBASE. All functional, gross anatomic, histologic, and histochemical outcomes were extracted and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes of CPM analyzed in rabbit animal models (19 studies) included histologic changes in articular cartilage (13 studies), biomechanical changes and nutrition of intra\u2010articular tissue (3 studies), and anti\u2010inflammatory biochemical changes (3 studies). Nine studies specifically examined osteochondral defects, 6 of which used autogenous periosteal grafts. Other pathologies included were antigen\u2010induced arthritis, septic arthritis, medial collateral ligament reconstruction, hemarthrosis, and chymopapain\u2010induced proteoglycan destruction. In comparison to immobilized knees, CPM therapy led to decreased joint stiffness and complications related to adhesions while promoting improved neochondrogenesis with formation and preservation of normal articular cartilage. CPM was also shown to create a strong anti\u2010inflammatory environment by effectively clearing harmful, inflammatory particles from within the knee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current basic science evidence from rabbit studies has shown that CPM for the knee significantly improves motion and biological properties of articular cartilage. This may be translated to potentially improved outcomes in the management of articular cartilage pathology of the knee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If the rabbit model is relevant to humans, CPM may contribute to improved knee health by preventing joint stiffness, preserving normal articular tissue with better histologic and biologic properties, and improving range of motion as compared with joint immobilization and intermittent active motion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2013.05.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,26]],"date-time":"2013-07-26T04:06:03Z","timestamp":1374811563000},"page":"1722-1731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Basic Science of Continuous Passive Motion in Promoting\u00a0Knee Health: A Systematic Review of Studies in\u00a0a\u00a0Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Derrick M.","family":"Knapik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Cartilage Repair Center Department of Orthopaedics The Ohio State University Sports Medicine Center Columbus Ohio U.S.A."},{"name":"Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Laboratory College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garett","family":"Pangrazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Cartilage Repair Center Department of Orthopaedics The Ohio State University Sports Medicine Center Columbus Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Griesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Orthopaedics Clinton Memorial Hospital Wilmington Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Siston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Cartilage Repair Center Department of Orthopaedics The Ohio State University Sports Medicine Center Columbus Ohio U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Laboratory College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Flanigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Medicine Cartilage Repair Center Department of Orthopaedics The Ohio State University Sports Medicine Center Columbus Ohio U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503259345"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(97)90124-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2007.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247788"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d9eea0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197407000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961020-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198604000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658060-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196042010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_2","first-page":"33","volume-title":"In Studies of the rheumatoid diseases. 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