{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T21:07:08Z","timestamp":1773608828233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,29]],"date-time":"2016-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,29]],"date-time":"2016-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,29]],"date-time":"2016-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","arthroscopyjournal.org","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthroscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the in\u00a0vivo effects of multiple local anesthetic injections of 0.5% bupivacaine on normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats with normal knee joints received an intra\u2010articular injection of 0.9% saline solution or 0.5% bupivacaine in their right knees joint once a week for 5 consecutive weeks, starting 4\u00a0weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Rats were humanely killed at 8, 16, and 24\u00a0weeks. In a parallel experiment, rats underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection to induce osteoarthritic changes. These rats were subjected to the same protocol as those with normal knee joints, starting 4\u00a0weeks after the procedure. Static weight\u2010bearing tests were performed on both hind limbs to evaluate changes in weight\u2010bearing ability throughout the experiments. Rats were humanely killed at 8 and 16\u00a0weeks. Cell viability was assessed with confocal microscopy, using samples from the distal femur. Histologic assessment of osteoarthritis was performed using samples from the tibial plateau based on the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) cartilage histopathology assessment system (i.e., OARSI score).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Static weight\u2010bearing tests showed no significant changes after intra\u2010articular injection of saline solution or bupivacaine, and bupivacaine injection did not increase weight bearing compared with saline solution injection, regardless of whether there were osteoarthritic changes. There were also no significant differences in cell viability, cell density, or OARSI scores between the saline solution and bupivacaine groups at each time point, regardless of whether osteoarthritic changes were induced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggested that single or intermittent intra\u2010articular bupivacaine injections might not have deleterious effects on either osteoarthritic or normal joints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is no strong evidence that intra\u2010articular bupivacaine injection induces degenerative changes in articular cartilage. Therefore, these results may apply to normal and osteoarthritic joints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.02.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]],"date-time":"2016-04-30T11:18:14Z","timestamp":1462015094000},"page":"2026-2036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of Multiple Intra\u2010articular Injections of 0.5% Bupivacaine on Normal and Osteoarthritic Joints in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Koji","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders Hokkaido University Graduate School of 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