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After the optimum formulation was determined, the gel was mixed with either transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b23 (TGF\u2010\u03b23) or growth differentiation factor\u20107 (GDF\u20107) growth factor and prepared for injections. Window defects were induced in 12 animals, which were randomized into the following treatments: (1) sham, (2) empty Col\u2010Tgel, (3) Col\u2010Tgel containing TGF\u2010\u03b23, or (4) Col\u2010Tgel containing GDF\u20107. Based on these results, the sham, empty Col\u2010Tgel, and Col\u2010Tgel containing TGF\u2010\u03b23 were applied to the supraspinatus repair interface. Tendons were analyzed biomechanically and histologically using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson\u2019s trichrome staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the window defect model, histologic scores were the best in rats treated with TGF\u2010\u03b23 containing Col\u2010Tgel, followed by the empty Col\u2010Tgel scaffold, and finally the sham control. The GDF\u20107 Col\u2010Tgel was not further tested because occasional ectopic cartilage and bone formation was found in the prior window defect model. In the supraspinatus repair model, there was no statistical difference (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; .05) in the biomechanical strength among the 3 treatment groups, but load\u2010to\u2010failure ratio improved when TGF\u2010\u03b23 was added to the scaffold, suggesting improved tendon healing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pilot study evaluated the performance of an injectable gel tendon graft in a population of retired breeder rats. The results suggest that Col\u2010Tgel containing TGF\u2010\u03b23 may be a useful adjunctive treatment for surgical repair of full\u2010thickness rotator cuff tears. Histologic and biomechanical scores suggest that Col\u2010Tgel containing TGF\u2010\u03b23 promotes tendon healing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study suggest that shoulders injected with Col\u2010Tgel may be a useful adjunctive treatment for repair of rotator cuff tears.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.09.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T18:37:53Z","timestamp":1574793473000},"page":"629-637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Repair of Rotator Cuff Tendon Defects in Aged Rats Using a Growth Factor Injectable Gel Scaffold"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Irvine School of Medicine Irvine California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"C. 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