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LHBT scaffolds were evaluated for change in area, tensile properties, and tenocyte viability before and after expansion. The ability of endogenous tenocytes derived from the LHBT scaffold to promote tenogenic differentiation of human adipose\u2010derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADMSCs) was also determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Autograft LHBTs were successfully expanded using a modified surgical graft expander to create a porous scaffold containing viable resident tenoctyes from patients undergoing rotator cuff repair. LHBT scaffolds had significantly increased area (length: 24.91 mm [13.91, 35.90]\u00a0\u00d7 width: 22.69 mm [1.87, 34.50];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .011) compared with the native LHBT tendon (length: 27.16 mm [2.70,\u00a033.62]\u00a0\u00d7 width: 6.68 mm [5.62, 7.74]). The structural properties of the autograft were altered, including the ultimate tensile strength (LHBT scaffold: .56 MPa [.06, 1.06] vs. native LHBT: 2.35 MPa [1.36, 3.33];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .002) and tensile modulus (LHBT scaffold: 4.72 MPa [\u2212.80, 1.24] versus native LHBT: 37.17 MPa [24.56, 49.78];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .001). There was also a reduction in resident tenocyte percent viability (LHBT scaffold: 38.52% [17.94, 59.09] vs. native LHBT: 68.87% [63.67, 74.37];\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=.004). Tenocytes derived from the LHBT scaffold produced soluble signals that initiated ADMSC differentiation into an immature tenocyte\u2010like phenotype, as indicated by an 8.7\u00d7 increase in scleraxis (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .040) and a 3.6\u00d7 increase in collagen type III mRNA expression (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .050) compared with undifferentiated ADMSC controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ability to produce a viable autologous scaffold from the proximal biceps tendon having dimensions, porosity, mechanical characteristics, native ECM components, and viable tenocytes that produce bioactive signals conducive to supporting the biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair surgery has been demonstrated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This biologically active construct may help to improve the quality of healing and regeneration at the repair site of rotator cuff tears, especially those at high risk for retear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.05.064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T01:06:02Z","timestamp":1623459962000},"page":"38-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Autograft Long Head Biceps Tendon Can Be Used as a Scaffold for Biologically Augmenting Rotator Cuff Repairs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Colbath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Group of the Carolinas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Spartanburg Regional Spartanburg South Carolina U.S.A."},{"name":"Frank H. Stelling and C. Dayton Riddle Orthopaedic Education and Research Laboratory Clemson University Biomedical Engineering Innovation Campus Greenville South Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration and Orthobiologics Department of Bioengineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina U.S.A."},{"name":"Frank H. Stelling and C. Dayton Riddle Orthopaedic Education and Research Laboratory Clemson University Biomedical Engineering Innovation Campus Greenville South Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Siatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration and Orthobiologics Department of Bioengineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina U.S.A."},{"name":"Frank H. Stelling and C. Dayton Riddle Orthopaedic Education and Research Laboratory Clemson University Biomedical Engineering Innovation Campus Greenville South Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Pate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration and Orthobiologics Department of Bioengineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina U.S.A."},{"name":"Frank H. Stelling and C. Dayton Riddle Orthopaedic Education and Research Laboratory Clemson University Biomedical Engineering Innovation Campus Greenville South Carolina U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Krussig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration and Orthobiologics Department of Bioengineering Clemson University Clemson South Carolina U.S.A."},{"name":"Frank H. Stelling and C. 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