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PRP is produced by the centrifugation of whole blood, isolating its constituent parts based on their unique densities. These density gradients can be selectively harvested so as to obtain different concentrations of various blood product components, such as platelets and leukocytes. A precise and consistent method for describing the essential characteristics of different PRP formulations is critical for both practical and research purposes. The concentration of platelets, method of activation, and the total number of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and neutrophils relative to baseline values are all of particular importance in accurately describing a PRP formulation. The biologic activity of PRP is manifold: platelet  granules promote the release of various growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and tissue growth factor \u03b2, while inflammation is modulated through inhibition of the nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB pathway. PRP has been convincingly shown to be efficacious in the setting of patellar tendinopathies, knee osteoarthritis, and lateral epicondylitis. In fact, several recent randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the superiority of PRP over both corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid in treating knee OA\u2010related symptoms. There is also substantial promise for the utility of PRP in treating partial hamstring tears and as an adjunct to rotator cuff (RC) repair, especially in the setting of small\u2010 to medium\u2010sized tears, where it appears to exert substantial analgesic effects and promote enhanced rates of RC repair healing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T03:10:42Z","timestamp":1630465842000},"page":"2732-2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Platelet\u2010Rich Plasma: Fundamentals and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Sheean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Antonio Military Medical Center San Antonio Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Anz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrews Research &amp; Education Foundation Gulf Breeze Florida U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2018.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22274"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120911731"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516665809"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515608157"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.04.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517751397"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_2","article-title":"The effect of platelet\u2010rich plasma leukocyte concentration on arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: A network meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"Hurley E.T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519836090"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513494359"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00793"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520986867"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519837954"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513507766"}],"container-title":["Arthroscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749806321006435?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0749806321006435?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/arthroscopyjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/arthroscopyjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/arthroscopyjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T09:03:29Z","timestamp":1773565409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/arthroscopyjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-8063","1526-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-8063","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Platelet-Rich Plasma: Fundamentals and Clinical Applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier on behalf of the Arthroscopy Association of North America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}