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Options include drugs, surgical intervention, scaffolds, biologics as a product of cells, and physical and electromagnetic stimuli. The goal of regenerative medicine is to enhance the healing of tissue after musculoskeletal injuries as both isolated treatment and adjunct to surgical management, using novel therapies to improve recovery and outcomes. Various orthopaedic biologics (orthobiologics) have been investigated for the treatment of pathology involving the elbow and upper extremity, including the tendons (lateral epicondylitis, medial epicondylitis, biceps tendonitis, triceps tendonitis), articular cartilage (osteoarthritis, osteochondral lesions), and bone (fractures, nonunions, avascular necrosis, osteonecrosis). Promising and established treatment modalities include hyaluronic acid; botulinum toxin; corticosteroids; leukocyte\u2010rich and leukocyte\u2010poor platelet\u2010rich plasma; autologous blood; bone marrow aspirate comprising mesenchymal stromal cells (alternatively termed medicinal signaling cells and frequently mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate; MSCs harvested from adipose and skin (dermis) sources; vascularized bone grafts; bone morphogenic protein scaffold made from osteoinductive and conductive \u03b2\u2010tricalcium phosphate and poly\u2010\u03b5\u2010caprolactone with hydrogels, human MSCs, and matrix metalloproteinases; and collagen sponge. Autologous blood preparations such as autologous blood injections and platelet\u2010rich plasma show positive outcomes for nonresponsive tendinopathy. In addition, cellular therapies such as tissue\u2010derived tenocyte\u2010like cells and MSCs show a promising ability to regulate degenerative processes by modulating tissue response to inflammation and preventing continuous degradation and support tissue restoration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level V, expert opinion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2024.04.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T11:38:47Z","timestamp":1715081927000},"page":"2897-2909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nonoperative and Operative Soft\u2010Tissue, Cartilage, and Bony Regeneration and Orthopaedic Biologics of the Elbow and Upper Extremity: An Orthoregeneration Network Foundation Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Tiago","family":"Lazzaretti Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Division Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital S\u00edrio\u2010Liban\u00eas S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Taraballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A."},{"name":"Methodist Hospital Houston Methodist Academic Institute Houston Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxing","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Peking University Third Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices Ministry of Education Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip P.","family":"Roessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Gelenkzentrum Mittelrhein Koblenz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Cardona\u2010Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n OHVRI Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad de Antioquia Medell\u00edn Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","first-page":"3930","article-title":"A\u00a0toolkit for MSDs 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