{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:14:36Z","timestamp":1791558876078,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007046","name":"Wuhan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZNYB2021038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNYB2021038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXPY2020016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXPY2020016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042021kf0169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042021kf0169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016359","name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["arthroscopyjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthroscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the protective effects of extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow stem cells (BMSC\u2010EVs) on muscle degeneration in a rat model of rotator cuff tendon and suprascapular nerve (SSN) transection (termed the RCT\u2010SSN model), focusing on mitochondrial transfer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The EVs were identified and characterized. The RCT\u2010SSN model was established by transecting the supraspinatus, infraspinatus tendons, and suprascapular nerve. Ninety\u2010six rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 24 each): sham surgery, RCT\u2010SSN treated with BMSC\u2010EVs, RCT\u2010SSN treated with EVs from rhodamine 6G\u2212pretreated BMSCs (Rho\u2010EVs), or phosphate\u2010buffered saline. Intramuscular injections were administered every 2 weeks. After 12 weeks, supraspinatus muscles were analyzed for atrophy, fibrosis, oxidative stress, macrophage phenotypes, serum cytokines, and mitochondrial characteristics. In vitro experiments included EVs tracking in macrophages, macrophage phenotype characterization, and inflammatory cytokine profiling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BMSC\u2010EVs and Rho\u2010EVs displayed similar morphology, but only BMSC\u2010EVs contained functional mitochondria. BMSC\u2010EVs significantly reduced muscle weight loss (0.047 \u00b1 0.010% vs 0.145 \u00b1 0.013%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), increased muscle fiber cross\u2010sectional area (2037 \u00b1 231.9 \u03bcm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      vs 527.9 \u00b1 92.01 \u03bcm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), and decreased fibrosis (12.09 \u00b1 3.31% vs 25.69 \u00b1 4.84%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) compared with phosphate\u2010buffered saline. BMSC\u2010EVs enhanced superoxide dismutase activity (93.3 \u00b1 11.8 U\/mg protein vs 53.4 \u00b1 8.0 U\/mg protein,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), improved mitochondrial function, density and structure, and induced an anti\u2010inflammatory macrophage shift, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. Rho\u2010EVs showed no such effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that transecting the supraspinatus, infraspinatus tendons, and suprascapular nerve in a rat model induced muscle degeneration and fibrosis. BMSC\u2010EVs, but not Rho\u2010EVs, mitigated these effects by promoting an anti\u2010inflammatory macrophage phenotype and protecting mitochondrial function through mitochondrial transfer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitochondrial transfer via BMSC\u2010EVs may offer a therapeutic strategy to prevent muscle degeneration in patients with rotator cuff tear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2025.03.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T14:35:54Z","timestamp":1742999754000},"page":"3487-3499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mitochondria\u2010Rich Extracellular Vesicles From Bone Marrow Stem Cells Mitigate Muscle Degeneration in Rotator Cuff Tears in a Rat Model Through Macrophage M2 Phenotype Conversion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Experimental Center Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University Transplant Center of Wuhan University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingzeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 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