{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:53:56Z","timestamp":1792601636520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T01:29:44Z","timestamp":1525138184000},"page":"58-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lung sounds classification using convolutional neural networks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Dalal","family":"Bardou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Mohammad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2200\/S00054ED1V01Y200609BME008","article-title":"Fundamentals of respiratory sounds and analysis","volume":"1","author":"Moussavi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synth Lect Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.05.013","article-title":"Lung sound classification using cepstral-based statistical features","volume":"75","author":"Sengupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0015","unstructured":"Breath Sounds - Symptoms, Causes, Tests \u2013 NY Times Health Information\". Nytimes.com. N.P., 2017. Web. 27 Feb. 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2014.02.001","article-title":"Classification and analysis of non-stationary characteristics of crackle and rhonchus lung adventitious sounds","volume":"28","author":"\u0130\u00e7er","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digit Signal Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.02.013","article-title":"Classification of lung sounds using higher-order statistics: a divide-and-conquer approach","volume":"129","author":"Naves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2009.06.002","article-title":"Performance evaluation and enhancement of lung sound recognition system in two real noisy environments","volume":"97","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0035","series-title":"International Conference on. Vol. 3. IEEE","article-title":"Investigation of noise effect on lung sound recognition, 2008","author":"Chang","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0040","first-page":"45","article-title":"Analysis of respiratory sounds: state of the art","volume":"2","author":"Reichert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0045","series-title":"Updated nomenclature for membership relation","first-page":"5","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0050","series-title":"Computerized respiratory sound analysis (CORSA): recommended standards for terms and techniques: ERS task force report","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-008-0125-y","article-title":"Respiratory sound classification by using an incremental supervised neural network","volume":"12","author":"Dokur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Anal Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0060","series-title":"Respiratory system and diseases","first-page":"71","author":"Numano\u011flu","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0065","series-title":"Understanding lung sounds","author":"Lehrer","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2012.12.009","article-title":"Pulmonary crackle detection using time\u2013frequency and time\u2013scale analysis","volume":"23","author":"Serbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digit Signal Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2013.07.033","article-title":"New approaches for spectro-temporal feature extraction with applications to respiratory sound classification","volume":"123","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2009.06.011","article-title":"Pattern recognition methods applied to respiratory sounds classification into normal and wheeze classes","volume":"39","author":"Bahoura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2014.02.016","article-title":"Assessment of time\u2013frequency representation techniques for thoracic sounds analysis","volume":"114","author":"Reyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0090","series-title":"Iberoamerican congress on pattern recognition","article-title":"Artificial neural networks for acoustic lung signals classification","author":"Orjuela-Ca\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0095","series-title":"Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE","article-title":"Acoustics based assessment of respiratory diseases using GMM classification","author":"Mayorga","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0100","series-title":"Health Care Exchanges (PAHCE), 2011 Pan American","article-title":"Expanded quantitative models for assessment of respiratory diseases and monitoring","author":"Mayorga","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0105","series-title":"Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2015 IEEE 10th International Conference on","article-title":"Crackle separation and classification from normal respiratory sounds using gaussian mixture model","author":"Maruf","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.03.019","article-title":"The attractor recurrent neural network based on fuzzy functions: an effective model for the classification of lung abnormalities","volume":"84","author":"Khodabakhshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2008.01.001","article-title":"A pipelined recurrent fuzzy model for real-time analysis of lung sounds","volume":"21","author":"Mastorocostas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1109\/10.867921","article-title":"An orthogonal least squares-based fuzzy filter for real-time analysis of lung sounds","volume":"47","author":"Mastorocostas","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2007.10.002","article-title":"Elimination of vesicular sounds from pulmonary crackle waveforms","volume":"89","author":"Yeginer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput Methods Prog Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.08.592","article-title":"Automatic crackle detection algorithm based on fractal dimension and box filtering","volume":"64","author":"Pinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2014.2339736","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks for speech recognition","volume":"22","author":"Abdel-Hamid","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","article-title":"Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition","volume":"86","author":"LeCun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proce IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0145","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0150","article-title":"Going deeper with convolutions","author":"Szegedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0155","article-title":"Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation","author":"Girshick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.07.016","article-title":"Bacterial colony counting with convolutional neural networks in digital microbiology imaging","volume":"61","author":"Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2657381","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks and data augmentation for environmental sound classification","volume":"24","author":"Salamon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0170","series-title":"Proceedings of the Audio Mostly 2016","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks with batch normalization for classifying Hi-hat, Snare, and bass percussion sound samples","author":"Gajhede","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0175","series-title":"Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), 2015 IEEE","article-title":"DeepCough: a deep convolutional neural network in a wearable cough detection system","author":"Amoh","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0180","series-title":"Computing in Cardiology Conference (CINC), 2016","article-title":"Normal\/abnormal heart sound recordings classification using convolutional neural network","author":"Nilanon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0185","series-title":"Ensemble of feature-based and deep learning-based classifiers for detection of abnormal heart sounds","author":"Potes","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0190","unstructured":"The R.A.L.E. Repository. Rale.ca. N.P., 2017. Web. 28 Feb. 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0195","first-page":"585","article-title":"Standardization of computerized respiratory sound analysis \u2013 CORSA","volume":"10","author":"Sovijarvi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0200","series-title":"System Reliability and Science (ICSRS), International Conference on. IEEE","article-title":"Reliable system for respiratory pathology classification from breath sound signals","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/89.650310","article-title":"A frequency warping approach to speaker normalization","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0210","series-title":"Proc. ICML Workshop on Deep Learning for Audio, Speech and Language","article-title":"Vocal tract length perturbation (VTLP) improves speech recognition","author":"Jaitly","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0215","series-title":"Audio augmentation for speech recognition","author":"Ko","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2015.2438544","article-title":"Data augmentation for deep neural network acoustic modeling","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process (TASLP)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0225","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","article-title":"Caffe: convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding","author":"Jia","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0230","series-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","article-title":"Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0235","volume":"vol. 9","author":"Glorot","year":"2010"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.05.008","article-title":"Invited paper: automatic speech recognition: history, methods and challenges","volume":"41","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9775","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.9775","article-title":"Local binary patterns","volume":"5","author":"Pietik\u00e4inen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2618218","article-title":"Sound-event classification using robust texture features for robot hearing","volume":"19","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimedia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2012.04.023","article-title":"Music genre classification using LBP textural features","volume":"92","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0260","article-title":"Gabor-lbp features and combined classifiers for music genre classification","volume":"vol. 756","author":"Wu","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0265","series-title":"Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA), 2015 International Conference on","article-title":"Exploring textural features for automatic music genre classification","author":"Agera","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0270","series-title":"Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on","article-title":"Acoustic feature extraction by statistics based local binary pattern for environmental sound classification","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","article-title":"A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions","volume":"29","author":"Ojala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788646","article-title":"Support vector machines for histogram-based image classification","volume":"10","author":"Chapelle","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0290","first-page":"3437","article-title":"A support vector machine based dynamic classifier for face recognition","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Innovative Comput Inf Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0295","first-page":"27","article-title":"LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0300","series-title":"Discriminatory analysis-nonparametric discrimination: consistency properties","author":"Fix","year":"1951"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0305","series-title":"Image Processing (ICIP), 2010 17th IEEE International Conference on","article-title":"K-nearest neighbor search: fast GPU-based implementations and application to high-dimensional feature matching","author":"Garcia","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0310","unstructured":"Jyh-Shing Roger Jang Speech and Audio Processing (SAP) Toolbox. Available at \"http:\/\/mirlab.org\/jang\/matlab\/toolbox\/sap\"."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0315","unstructured":"Jyh-Shing Roger Jang. Machine Learning Toolbox. Available at http:\/\/mirlab.org\/jang\/matlab\/toolbox\/machineLearning."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2008.08.013","article-title":"A French national research project to the creation of an auscultation\u2019s school: the ASAP project","volume":"20","author":"Andr\u00e8s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008_bib0325","first-page":"851","article-title":"Deep learning in bioinformatics","volume":"18","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0933365717302051?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0933365717302051?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:20:01Z","timestamp":1534897201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0933365717302051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S0933365717302051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-3657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-3657","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lung sounds classification using convolutional neural networks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.04.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}