{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:31:44Z","timestamp":1780363904021,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007307","name":"Arthrex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007307","name":"Arthrex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007307","name":"Arthrex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007307","name":"Arthrex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["arthroscopysportsmedicineandrehabilitation.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabil."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the present review is to systematically review the available literature for failure rates and complications of cartilage restoration of bipolar chondral defects in the patellofemoral (PF) joint to assess the ability to treat these lesions without arthroplasty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed and MEDLINE databases were queried between 2000 to 2020 using the keywords \u201costeochondral\u201d and \u201cknee\u201d and \u201cmicrofracture,\u201d \u201cautologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI),\u201d or \u201ctransplantation.\u201d Patient selection included patients with bipolar chondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint that were treated with cartilage restoration procedures. Treatment of PF joints were reviewed for surgical indications\/technique, rates of failure, defect characteristics, and time to failure. For the purposes of this study, failure was defined by each individual author on their respective studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After screening 1,295 articles, there were 8 publications analyzed quantitatively and 10 articles analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. A total of 249 knees involved bipolar lesions\u00a0of the patellofemoral joint. The weighted average age was 36.5 \u00b1 10.4 years, and weighted average follow\u2010up was 89.0 \u00b1 31.7 months. There were failures in 0% to 50% of cases, revision procedures in 0% to 10% of cases, conversion to arthroplasty in in 0% to 50% of cases, and unsatisfactory outcome without revision in 0% to 8.3% of cases. The range in\u00a0average failure rate was 0% to 50.0% (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0= 68.0%), whereas the range in average time to failure was 2.9 to 6.8 years (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0= 79.0%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the available data, established cartilage restoration procedures may provide favorable patient\u2010reported function, avoidance of secondary surgery, and joint preservation in at least 80% of patients at short\u2010 to mid\u2010term follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  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