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Samples were randomly divided into 2 groups: whipstitch (WS) and whip\u2010lock (WL) stitch. Both tendon ends were clamped to a graft preparation stand, and a 2\u2010part needle was used to place 5 stitches, each 0.5 cm apart. Stitching time was recorded. Samples were preconditioned and then underwent cyclic loading from 50 to 200 N at 1 Hz for 500 cycles, followed by load\u2010to\u2010failure testing at 20 mm\/min. Stiffness (in newtons per millimeter), ultimate failure load (in newtons), peak\u2010to\u2010peak displacement (in millimeters), elongation (in millimeters), and failure displacement (in millimeters) were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Completion of the WS was significantly faster than the WL stitch in the ST (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and QT (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0= .004). For the ST, the WL stitch exhibited higher ultimate failure loads and construct stiffness than the WS. Regarding the QT, the WL stitch showed higher stiffness and displacement than the WS; however, the ultimate failure load was higher for the WS in the QT. The ultimate failure load in the QT was higher than that in the ST for both stitches. In the ST, only 25% of WSs and 100% of WL stitches failed due to suture breakage. In the QT, suture breakage led to the failure of 100% of both the WL stitches and WSs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the ST, the WL stitch resulted in improved biomechanical performance through higher ultimate load and fewer failures from tissue damage compared with the WS. In the QT, both the WS and the WL stitch showed similar biomechanical performance with ultimate failure loads above established clinical failure thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various types of ligament and tendon injuries require suturing to enable repair or reconstruction. The success of ligament or tendon surgery often relies\u00a0on\u00a0soft\u2010tissue quality. It is important to investigate the biomechanical properties of stitching techniques that help preserve soft\u2010tissue quality as a step to determining their clinical suitability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2023.100853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T04:46:45Z","timestamp":1705812405000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Whip\u2010Lock Stitch Is Biomechanically Superior to Whipstitch for Semitendinosus Tendons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Orthopaedic Research and Education Tampa Florida U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Branch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallahassee Orthopedic Clinic Panama City Florida U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob G.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Francis Orthopaedic Institute Columbus Georgia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Brothers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrews Research &amp; Education Foundation Gulf Breeze Florida U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve E.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrews Research &amp; Education Foundation Gulf Breeze Florida 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Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Arthroscopy Association of North America.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100853"}}