{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:44:20Z","timestamp":1792658660781,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","atherosclerosis-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atherosclerosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T16:13:48Z","timestamp":1420215228000},"page":"109-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Scoring of coronary artery calcium scans: History, assumptions, current limitations, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Krishna","family":"Alluri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parag H.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis S.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger S.","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Blaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.32.6.948","article-title":"Coronary calcification. Relationship to clinically significant coronary lesions and race, sex, and topographic distribution","volume":"32","author":"Eggen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib2","first-page":"511","article-title":"A\u00a0quantitative study of coronary arterial calcification","volume":"39","author":"Bolick","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.49.6.1247","article-title":"The significance of coronary calcification detected by fluoroscopy. A report of 360 patients","volume":"49","author":"Bartel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.137.3.7444045","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic significance of coronary artery calcification. A report of 800 cases","volume":"137","author":"Margolis","year":"1980","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90282-T","article-title":"Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Agatston","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.898","article-title":"Ultrafast computed tomography as a diagnostic modality in the detection of coronary artery disease: a multicenter study","volume":"93","author":"Budoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00443-9","article-title":"Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology","volume":"31","author":"Sangiorgi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-008-9319-z","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium screening: current status and recommendations from the european society of cardiac radiology and north american society for cardiovascular imaging","volume":"24","author":"Oudkerk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA..107.181425","volume":"115","author":"Greenland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.21.3.421","article-title":"Natural history and topographic pattern of progression of coronary calcification in symptomatic patients: an electron-beam ct study","volume":"21","author":"Schmermund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.2.r00nv25461","article-title":"Tracking coronary calcification by using dual-section spiral ct: a 3-year follow-up","volume":"217","author":"Shemesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"407","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib12","first-page":"e401","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e584","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182051b4c","article-title":"2010 accf\/aha guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the american college of cardiology foundation\/american heart association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"122","author":"Greenland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178458","volume":"114","author":"Budoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2362040513","article-title":"Coronary calcium measurements: effect of ct scanner type and calcium measure on rescan reproducibility\u2013mesa study","volume":"236","author":"Detrano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1242","article-title":"Reproducibility of coronary artery calcified plaque with cardiac 64-mdct: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Budoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01548-X","article-title":"Age and gender distributions of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in 35,246 adults","volume":"87","author":"Hoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.10.079","article-title":"Long-term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: observations from a registry of 25,253 patients","volume":"49","author":"Budoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)01319-9","article-title":"Variability of repeated coronary artery calcium measurements by electron beam tomography","volume":"87","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2273020369","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium: accuracy and reproducibility of measurements with multi-detector row ct\u2013assessment of effects of different thresholds and quantification methods","volume":"227","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.12.027","article-title":"Evidence for lower variability of coronary artery calcium mineral mass measurements by multi-detector computed tomography in a community-based cohort\u2013consequences for progression studies","volume":"57","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80310-0","article-title":"Causes of interscan variability of coronary artery calcium measurements at electron-beam ct","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1746-y","article-title":"Assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography","volume":"13","author":"Ulzheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.208.3.9722864","article-title":"Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam ct volumetric method","volume":"208","author":"Callister","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.5.1821327","article-title":"Evaluating changes in coronary artery calcium: an analytic method that accounts for interscan variability","volume":"182","author":"Hokanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.01.043","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium volume scores on electron beam tomography in 12,936 asymptomatic adults","volume":"93","author":"Nasir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.192.3.8058924","article-title":"Coronary artery calcification: assessment with electron beam ct and histomorphometric correlation","volume":"192","author":"Mautner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RLI.0000073449.90302.75","article-title":"Coronary calcium quantification using various calibration phantoms and scoring thresholds","volume":"38","author":"Ferencik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2232010919","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium: absolute quantification in nonenhanced and contrast-enhanced multi-detector row ct studies","volume":"223","author":"Hong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.3.1810743","article-title":"A\u00a0rosetta stone for coronary calcium risk stratification: agatston, volume, and mass scores in 11,490 individuals","volume":"181","author":"Rumberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.07.004","article-title":"Multi detector-row computed tomography (mdct) had excellent reproducibility of coronary calcium measurements","volume":"61","author":"Sabour","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9123-4","article-title":"Inter-scan reproducibility of coronary calcium measurement using multi detector-row computed tomography (mdct)","volume":"22","author":"Sabour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2262011903","article-title":"Coronary calcification compared in patients with acute versus in those with chronic coronary events by using dual-sector spiral ct","volume":"226","author":"Shemesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.068","article-title":"Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Motoyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.044","article-title":"Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"50","author":"Motoyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9712-2","article-title":"The culprit lesion score on multi-detector computed tomography can detect vulnerable coronary artery plaque","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.020","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of noncalcified coronary plaque characteristics detected using 64-slice computed tomography in patients with proven or suspected coronary artery disease","volume":"154","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2013.05.008","article-title":"Noncalcified atherosclerotic lesions with vulnerable characteristics detected by coronary ct angiography and future coronary events","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.09.016","article-title":"Napkin-ring sign on coronary ct angiography for the prediction of acute coronary syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Otsuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000135468.67850.F4","article-title":"Coronary artery spatial distribution of acute myocardial infarction occlusions","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.04.086","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of thin-cap fibroatheroma and ruptured plaques in human coronary arteries: a pathologic study","volume":"50","author":"Cheruvu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2010.01.009","article-title":"Relation of coronary artery plaque location to extent of coronary artery disease studied by computed tomographic angiography","volume":"4","author":"Grunfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2010.09.001","article-title":"Lesion- and vessel-specific coronary artery calcium scores are superior to whole-heart agatston and volume scores in the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"4","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2011.2162074","article-title":"A\u00a0lesion-specific coronary artery calcium quantification framework for the prediction of cardiac events","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2007.09.001","article-title":"Prognostic value of number and site of calcified coronary lesions compared with the total score","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.03.005","article-title":"Baseline subclinical atherosclerosis burden and distribution are associated with frequency and mode of future coronary revascularization: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Silverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2473071469","article-title":"Coronary calcium coverage score: determination, correlates, and predictive accuracy in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"247","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060476","article-title":"Survival of patients with stage i lung cancer detected on ct screening","volume":"355","author":"International Early Lung Cancer Action Program I","year":"2006","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873","article-title":"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening","volume":"365","author":"National Lung Screening Trial Research T","year":"2011","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2010.11.002","article-title":"Coronary artery and thoracic calcium on noncontrast thoracic ct scans: comparison of ungated and gated examinations in patients from the copd gene cohort","volume":"5","author":"Budoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000092","article-title":"Validation and prognosis of coronary artery calcium scoring in nontriggered thoracic computed tomography: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu296","article-title":"Combined detection of coronary artery disease and lung cancer","author":"Hecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100383","article-title":"Ordinal scoring of coronary artery calcifications on low-dose ct scans of the chest is predictive of death from cardiovascular disease","volume":"257","author":"Shemesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2010.09.002","article-title":"Radiation dose from coronary ct angiography: five years of progress","volume":"4","author":"Raff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib55","article-title":"Automatic detection and quantification of the agatston coronary artery calcium score on contrast computed tomography angiography","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet144","article-title":"Quantifying coronary artery calcification from a contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography angiography study","volume":"15","author":"Mylonas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2011.11.004","article-title":"A\u00a0method for coronary artery calcium scoring using contrast-enhanced computed tomography","volume":"6","author":"Otton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2652-6","article-title":"Fully automated derivation of coronary artery calcium scores and cardiovascular risk assessment from contrast medium-enhanced coronary ct angiography studies","volume":"23","author":"Ebersberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.06.006","article-title":"Prognostic value of coronary ct angiography and calcium score for major adverse cardiac events in outpatients","volume":"5","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.030","article-title":"Heinz nixdorf recall study investigative G. Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the heinz nixdorf recall study","volume":"56","author":"Erbel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.461","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction","volume":"303","author":"Polonsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA : J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.001","article-title":"American college of cardiology F, American heart A. 2010 accf\/aha guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the american college of cardiology foundation\/american heart association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"56","author":"Greenland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98","article-title":"2013 acc\/aha guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the american college of cardiology\/american heart association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"Goff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.010","article-title":"Headed in the right direction but at risk for miscalculation: a critical appraisal of the 2013 acc\/aha risk assessment guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.204","article-title":"Impact of coronary computed tomographic angiography results on patient and physician behavior in a low-risk population","volume":"171","author":"McEvoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.081380","volume":"126","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1118","article-title":"Guideline development G. Assessment of recent onset chest pain or discomfort of suspected cardiac origin: summary of nice guidance","volume":"340","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.056","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed tomography","volume":"46","author":"Raff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.07.011","article-title":"Comparison of the value of coronary calcium detection to computed tomographic angiography and exercise testing in patients with chest pain","volume":"104","author":"Nieman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.079","volume":"59","author":"Arbab-Zadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib71","first-page":"18","volume":"17","author":"Romanens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work. Groups Epidemiol. Prev. Cardiac Rehabilitation Exerc. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.08.014","article-title":"Impact of clinical presentation and pretest likelihood on the relation between calcium score and computed tomographic coronary angiography","volume":"106","author":"van Werkhoven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002598","article-title":"Interpretation of the coronary artery calcium score in combination with conventional cardiovascular risk factors: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"128","author":"Pletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib74","first-page":"94","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium scoring, what is answered and what questions remain","volume":"2","author":"Youssef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagnosis Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib75","first-page":"32","article-title":"Very low-dose coronary artery calcium scanning with high-pitch spiral acquisition mode: comparison between 120-kv and 100-kv tube voltage protocols","author":"Marwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2009.10.002","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium scoring using a reduced tube voltage and radiation dose protocol with dual-source computed tomography","volume":"3","author":"Nakazato","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2011.12.008","article-title":"Low radiation coronary calcium scoring by dual-source ct with tube current optimization based on patient body size","volume":"6","author":"Dey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0332-0","article-title":"The accuracy of 1- and 3-mm slices in coronary calcium scoring using multi-slice ct in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo","volume":"17","author":"Muhlenbruch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.2.8686622","article-title":"Measurement of coronary artery calcium with dual-slice helical ct compared with coronary angiography: evaluation of ct scoring methods, interobserver variations, and reproducibility","volume":"167","author":"Broderick","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199709000-00001","article-title":"Coronary calcium measurements by double helical computed tomography. Using the average instead of peak density algorithm improves reproducibility","volume":"32","author":"Shemesh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040_bib81","first-page":"271","article-title":"Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events","author":"Criqui","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA : J. Am. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Atherosclerosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021915014016621?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021915014016621?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T15:15:02Z","timestamp":1598627702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021915014016621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021915014016621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9150","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Scoring of coronary artery calcium scans: History, assumptions, current limitations, and future directions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atherosclerosis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.040","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}