{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1767849484606,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","atherosclerosis-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atherosclerosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T20:15:39Z","timestamp":1476476139000},"page":"172-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Drug treatment and adherence of subjects &lt;40 years with diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"254","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Casula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tragni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Merlino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Corrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberico L.","family":"Catapano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh236","article-title":"Genetic causes of monogenic heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a HuGE prevalence review","volume":"160","author":"Austin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu058","article-title":"Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia in The Netherlands: prevalence, genotype-phenotype relationship, and clinical outcome","volume":"36","author":"Sjouke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"34","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"7537","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13917","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies rare LDLR and APOA5 alleles conferring risk for myocardial infarction","volume":"518","author":"Do","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.028","article-title":"ESC\/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"217","author":"Catapano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2423","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2423","article-title":"Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study","volume":"337","author":"Versmissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1563","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia in the danish general population: prevalence, coronary artery disease, and cholesterol-lowering medication","volume":"97","author":"Benn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"7635","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90930-1","article-title":"Risks of ischaemic heart-disease in familial hyperlipoproteinaemic states","volume":"2","author":"Slack","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6314","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612820666140620162629","article-title":"Statin treatment non-adherence and discontinuation: clinical implications and potential solutions","volume":"20","author":"Phan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1640-3","article-title":"Predicting non-adherence in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"70","author":"Galema-Boers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-004-6225-z","article-title":"Self-reported adherence to cholesterol-lowering medication in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: the role of illness perceptions","volume":"18","author":"Senior","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-014-0116-y","article-title":"Long-term statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: more insight into tolerability and adherence","volume":"17","author":"Braamskamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib13","first-page":"I121","article-title":"Treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with lipid-lowering drugs","volume":"9","author":"Illingworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04858","article-title":"Generating evidence from computerized healthcare utilization databases","volume":"65","author":"Corrao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00052.x","article-title":"Patterns and effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapies in a managed care environment","volume":"8","author":"Meyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.12.003","article-title":"Long-term persistence with statin therapy: a nationwide register study in Finland","volume":"30","author":"Helin-Salmivaara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H018","article-title":"Measurement of adherence in pharmacy administrative databases: a proposal for standard definitions and preferred measures","volume":"40","author":"Hess","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K671","article-title":"Contrasting measures of adherence with simple drug use, medication switching, and therapeutic duplication","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2014.07.062","article-title":"Optimising the detection and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia: central role of primary care and its integration with specialist services","volume":"23","author":"Vickery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.08.005","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia in primary care: knowledge and practices among general practitioners in Western Australia","volume":"23","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.09.058","article-title":"Seven-year clinical follow-up of a Chinese homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia child with premature xanthomas and coronary artery disease\u2013a need for early diagnosis and aggressive treatment","volume":"177","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000196","article-title":"Importance of early recognition of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"26","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.014","article-title":"Evaluation of cholesterol lowering treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: a large cross-sectional study in The Netherlands","volume":"209","author":"Pijlman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-94","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and evaluation of LDL-cholesterol treatment of the Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Longitudinal Cohort Study (SAFEHEART)","volume":"10","author":"Mata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1507041","article-title":"Proof that lower is better\u2013LDL cholesterol and IMPROVE-IT","volume":"372","author":"Jarcho","year":"2015","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.009","article-title":"LDL cholesterol: the lower the better","volume":"96","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5688(01)00020-4","article-title":"The lower the better? Reviewing the evidence for more aggressive cholesterol reduction and goal attainment","volume":"2","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib28","series-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia","author":"Youngblom","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22205","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of muscle complications secondary to statins","volume":"44","author":"El-Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1895","article-title":"Muscle toxicity with statins","volume":"19","author":"Hedenmalm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70601-6","article-title":"Statin-induced myopathies","volume":"63","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2013.09.023","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: Canadian working group consensus update","volume":"29","author":"Mancini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S78145","article-title":"Statin prescription patterns, adherence, and attainment of cholesterol treatment goals in routine clinical care: a Danish population-based study","volume":"7","author":"Svensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.12.011","article-title":"Adherence to statin treatment and health outcomes in an Italian cohort of newly treated patients: results from an administrative database analysis","volume":"34","author":"Degli Esposti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200603000-00005","article-title":"Disease knowledge and adherence to treatment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"21","author":"Hollman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105309345170","article-title":"Perceived risk and representations of cardiovascular disease and preventive behaviour in people diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia: a cross-sectional questionnaire study","volume":"15","author":"Claassen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Health Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(99)80026-5","article-title":"Methods for measuring and monitoring medication regimen adherence in clinical trials and clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Farmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17423","article-title":"Pill count, self-report, and pharmacy claims data to measure medication adherence in the elderly","volume":"32","author":"Grymonpre","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020_bib39","first-page":"685","article-title":"How should we measure medication adherence in clinical trials and practice?","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."}],"container-title":["Atherosclerosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002191501631423X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002191501631423X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T13:28:42Z","timestamp":1536326922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002191501631423X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S002191501631423X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9150","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Drug treatment and adherence of subjects <40 years with diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atherosclerosis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}