{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:10:00Z","timestamp":1773288600111,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["atherosclerosis-journal.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Atherosclerosis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T01:22:37Z","timestamp":1611451357000},"page":"53-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Familial hypercholesterolaemia and COVID-19: A two-hit scenario for endothelial dysfunction amenable to treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"320","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-2959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alpo","family":"Vuorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick","family":"Raal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kaste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petri T.","family":"Kovanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.5173","article-title":"Reducing the clinical and public health burden of familial hypercholesterolemia: a global call to action","volume":"5","author":"Wilemon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib2","series-title":"Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH): Report of a Second WHO Consultation, Geneva, 4 September 1998","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6261329","article-title":"Regulation of plasma cholesterol by lipoprotein receptors","volume":"212","author":"Brown","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.12.034","article-title":"Assessment of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia by coronary computed tomography angiography","volume":"115","author":"Tada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.1999.11904394","article-title":"An update on familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"31","author":"Ose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.040","article-title":"Coronary heart disease mortality in treated familial hypercholesterolaemia: update of the UK Simon Broome FH register","volume":"274","author":"Humphries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816454","article-title":"20-Year follow-up of statins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia N","volume":"381","author":"Luirink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7293.1019","article-title":"Mortality over two centuries in large pedigree with familial hypercholesterolaemia: family tree mortality study","volume":"322","author":"Sijbrands","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.3127","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Finnish North Karelia: a molecular, clinical, and genealogical study","volume":"17","author":"Vuorio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118556","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice are protected against lethal endotoxemia and severe gram-negative infections","volume":"97","author":"Netea","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082436","article-title":"Diet and cardiovascular disease risk among individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Barkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S462","DOI":"10.1086\/315611","article-title":"Infection and inflammation\u2010induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins","volume":"181","author":"Khovidhunkit","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib15","series-title":"Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs. Handbook Experiment. Pharmacol. 170","article-title":"Drug therapies to prevent coronary plaque rupture and erosion: present and future","author":"Kovanen","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1509","article-title":"Acute cardiovascular events associated with influenza in hospitalized adults: a cross-sectional study","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01691-8","article-title":"Association of seropositivity for Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"354","author":"Kontula","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4582","article-title":"The atherogenic effects of chlamydia are dependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"103","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.9.1780","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection, lipoprotein(a), and hypercoagulability: an atherogenic link?","volume":"17","author":"Nieto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.6.2.203","article-title":"Increased fibrinogen binding to platelets from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"6","author":"DiMinno","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12981","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia and elevated lipoprotein(a): double heritable risk and new therapeutic opportunities","volume":"287","author":"Vuorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.006","article-title":"Acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus is associated with atherogenic lipid changes","volume":"212","author":"Apostolou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116983","article-title":"Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and is related to the lipoprotein(a) level","volume":"93","author":"Sorensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.025","article-title":"Inflammatory and thrombotic processes are associated with vascular dysfunction in children with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"204","author":"Charakida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuorio A, Kovanen PT. Prevention of endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J. Clin. Lipidol. Published 15 Jun 2020. 10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.06.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.06.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa623","article-title":"COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial Disease","volume":"41","author":"Libby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273","volume":"34","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.044","article-title":"Clinical genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel","volume":"72","author":"Sturm","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.10.3287","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction is associated with cholesterol levels in the high normal range in humans","volume":"96","author":"Steinberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.07.003","article-title":"Rescue therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors for patients with delayed diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: redressing the balance of missed opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Vuorio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.12.034","article-title":"Assessment of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia by coronary computed tomography angiography","volume":"115","author":"Tada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.043","article-title":"Detection of subclinical atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia using non-invasive imaging modalities","volume":"222","author":"Caballero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311098","article-title":"Reassessing the mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"124","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12905","article-title":"Effect of monoclonal antibodies to PCSK9 on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels: a meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled treatment arms","volume":"81","author":"Sahebkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034645","article-title":"Residual inflammatory risk on treatment with PCSK9 inhibition on statin therapy","volume":"138","author":"Pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.014","article-title":"Coronary heart disease mortality in severe vs. non-severe familial hypercholesterolaemia in the Simon Broome Register","volume":"281","author":"Humphries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R300019-JLR200","article-title":"Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: mechanisms and consequences to the host","volume":"45","author":"Khovidhunkit","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0153-2","article-title":"Oxidized phospholipids as a unifying theory for lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease","volume":"16","author":"Boffa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1206","article-title":"Association between familial hypercholesterolemia and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"313","author":"Besseling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib41","article-title":"Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study","volume":"20","author":"Barron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12405","article-title":"Statins and new\u2010onset diabetes mellitus \u2013 a risk lacking in familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"279","author":"Vuorio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.11.005","article-title":"The UK paediatric familial hypercholesterolaemia register: statin-related safety and 1-year growth data","volume":"12","author":"Humphries","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307514","article-title":"Coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke in familial hypercholesterolaemia: insights from the SAFEHEART Registry (Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Cohort Study)","volume":"36","author":"P\u00e9rez de Isla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.08.022","article-title":"Incidence of venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"196","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13372","article-title":"Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a New York city health system","volume":"324","author":"Bilaloglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323586","article-title":"Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19","volume":"91","author":"Beyrouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","article-title":"Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young","volume":"382","author":"Oxley","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030995","article-title":"Acute cerebrovascular events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients","author":"Rothstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312816","article-title":"Endothelial targets in stroke","volume":"39","author":"Andjelkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntaios G, Michel P, Georgiopoulos G, Guo Y, Li W, Xiong J et al. Characteristics and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke: the global COVID-19 stroke registry. Stroke. Published 9 July 2020. doi: 10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031208.","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031208"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.9.1097","article-title":"Risk of brain infarction in familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"19","author":"Kaste","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e370","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30165-X","article-title":"Coronavirus is the trigger, but the immune response is deadly","volume":"2","author":"Cron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00432","article-title":"D-Dimer concentrations and COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Paliogiannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001402","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with features of macrophage activation syndrome: reanalysis of a prior phase III trial","volume":"44","author":"Shakoory","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31189-2","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Cummings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25829","article-title":"Hematological findings and complications of COVID\u201019","volume":"95","author":"Terpos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E189","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201561","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients on CT angiography and relationship to D-dimer levels","volume":"293","author":"L\u00e9onard-Lorant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib62","article-title":"Coagulopathy in COVID-19. Cleve","author":"Mucha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Med. Off."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01120-15","article-title":"Statins may decrease the fatality rate of Middle East respiratory syndrome infection","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir695","article-title":"Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study","volume":"205","author":"Vandermeer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib65","first-page":"e102","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.06.018","article-title":"The effects of ARBs, ACEIs and statins on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection among nursing home residents","volume":"21","author":"de Spiegeleer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01036.x","article-title":"Statins potently reduce the cytokine\u2010mediated IL6 release in SMC\/MNC cocultures","volume":"15","author":"Loppnow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.26.101","article-title":"LPS-induced release of IL-1 beta, IL-1Ra, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in whole blood from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: no effect of cholesterol-lowering treatment","volume":"26","author":"de Bont","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.00966.x","article-title":"Effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin on inflammation markers in plasma","volume":"251","author":"Wiklund","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0390-7","article-title":"Statins and IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, and MPO levels in gingival crevicular fluid: preliminary results","volume":"39","author":"Cicek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111764","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 and statin treatment in patients with myocardial infarction and diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Liberale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12944","article-title":"Clinical effects of antiplatelet drugs and statins on D\u2010dimer levels","volume":"48","author":"Schol\u2010Gelok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12223","article-title":"Statin therapy and levels of hemostatic factors in a healthy population: the Multi\u2010Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00745-6","article-title":"Effect of atorvastatin on hemorheologic-hemostatic parameters and serum fibrinogen levels in hyperlipidemic patients","volume":"85","author":"Dujovne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00831-6","article-title":"Effects of simvastatin or hormone replacement therapy, or both, on fibrinogen, factor VII, and plasminogen activator inhibitor levels in postmenopausal women with proven coronary artery disease","volume":"86","author":"Sbarouni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000151647.14923.ec","article-title":"Statins and blood coagulation","volume":"25","author":"Undas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib77","first-page":"392","article-title":"Anticoagulant effects of statins and their clinical implications","volume":"111","author":"Undas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320315575848","article-title":"Haemostatic and inflammatory alterations in familial hypercholesterolaemia, and the impact of angiotensin II infusion","volume":"16","author":"Ekholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst. JRAAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002910","article-title":"Stroke thrombolysis: save a minute, save a day","volume":"45","author":"Meretoja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000047123.14312.3E","article-title":"Risk of fatal stroke in patients with treated familial hypercholesterolemia: a prospective registry study","volume":"34","author":"Huxley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.038","article-title":"Statins decrease the risk of stroke in individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"243","author":"Barkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022606","volume":"50","author":"Powers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kow CS, Hasan SS. Meta-analysis of effectiveness of statins in patients with severe COVID-19 Am. J. Cardiol.. Published 12 Aug 2020;doi:10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.08.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib84","unstructured":"Zhang XJ, Qin JJ, Cheng X, Shen L, Zhao Y-CX, Yuan Y et al. In-hospital Use of Statins Is Associated with Reduced Mortality Among Individuals with COVID-19. Cell. Metab. Published 24 June 2020. doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3539","article-title":"Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Italy. JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal Z, Ho JH, Adam S, France M, Syed A, Neely D et a. Managing hyperlipidaemia in patients with COVID-19 and during its pandemic: An expert panel position statement from HEART UK, Atherosclerosis, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104891","article-title":"FH Europe and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Brief recommendations on the management of adult patients with familial hypercholesterolemia during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"158","author":"Banach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.07.022","article-title":"High thrombus burden in patients with COVID-19 presenting with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"76","author":"Choudry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz776","article-title":"Statins and increases in Lp(a): an inconvenient truth that needs attention","volume":"41","author":"Tsimikas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib91","article-title":"PCSK9 inhibitors for COVID-19: an opportunity to enhance the antiviral action of interferon in patients with hypercholesterolemia","author":"Vuorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13070","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia and COVID\u201019: triggering of increased sustained cardiovascular risk","volume":"287","author":"Vuorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000179","article-title":"Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia: prevalence, diagnosis and current and future treatment perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Sjouke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu274","article-title":"Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"35","author":"Cuchel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease","volume":"141","author":"Clerkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3967-7","article-title":"Cholesterol is important for the entry process of porcine delta-coronavirus","volume":"163","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.022","article-title":"Subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia are characterized by an inflammatory phenotype despite long-term intensive cholesterol lowering treatment","volume":"233","author":"Holven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.2.522","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"20","author":"Kraft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00438-2","article-title":"Efficacy of plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIG) on patients with COVID-19. SN","volume":"2","author":"Pourahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90552-4","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Expression of a genetic receptor disease in utero","volume":"8063","author":"Brown","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.11.3332","article-title":"Neonatal diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in newborns born to a parent with a molecularly defined heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"17","author":"Vuorio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00003-5","article-title":"Family history of cardiovascular events and endothelial dysfunction in children with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"163","author":"de Jongh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bifulco M, Gazzerro P. Statin therapy in COVID-19 infection: much more than a single pathway. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother. Published 12 Juni 2020. doi:10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa055.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa055"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa042","article-title":"Statin therapy in COVID-19 infection","volume":"6","author":"Castiglione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2397","article-title":"Considerations for statin therapy in patients with COVID\u201019","volume":"40","author":"Dashti\u2010Khavidaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00093-X","article-title":"Interactive role of infection, inflammation and traditional risk factors in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease","volume":"31","author":"Mehta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib109","article-title":"Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"11","author":"Vuorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.080","article-title":"Multimodality imaging in evaluation of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19: JACC Scientific Expert Panel","volume":"76","author":"Rudski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuorio A, Kovanen PT. Statins as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 to calm the stormy immunothrombosis and beyond. Published 4 Dec 2020. Front. Pharmacol.. doi: 10.3389\/fphar.2020.579548.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.579548"}],"container-title":["Atherosclerosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021915021000381?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021915021000381?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:45:43Z","timestamp":1758156343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021915021000381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["S0021915021000381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9150"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9150","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia and COVID-19: A two-hit scenario for endothelial dysfunction amenable to treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Atherosclerosis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}