{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:31:46Z","timestamp":1792621906029,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["annalsthoracicsurgery.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Annals of Thoracic Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T01:08:20Z","timestamp":1605229700000},"page":"726-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Cardiovascular Trials in More Than 230,000 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Ourania","family":"Preventza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Critsinelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline K.","family":"Olive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"LeMaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine D.","family":"Cornwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhasis","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd K.","family":"Rosengart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Coselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004713","article-title":"Evolution of age and female representation in the most-cited randomized controlled trials of cardiology of the last 20 years","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9164(99)90001-5","article-title":"Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group","volume":"5","author":"Carson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1543","article-title":"Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis","volume":"304","author":"Mega","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-005-0012-4","article-title":"The impact of race on response to RAAS inhibition","volume":"2","author":"Wallace","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2011.08.009","article-title":"Sex and gender in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection","volume":"23","author":"Grubb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.05.089","article-title":"Are outcomes of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair different in men versus women? A propensity-matched comparison","volume":"154","author":"Spiliotopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2011.07.006","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in coronary artery disease","volume":"23","author":"Lawton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142018 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.10.013","article-title":"The Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion correlated with increased heart transplant listings in African-Americans but not Hispanics or Caucasians","volume":"5","author":"Breathett","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib10","article-title":"Racial differences in the prevalence of severe aortic stenosis","volume":"3","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib11","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Thoracic aortic aneurysms: a population-based study","volume":"92","author":"Bickerstaff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4065\/79.2.176","article-title":"Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture","volume":"79","author":"Clouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib13","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee","volume":"113","author":"Thom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3753","article-title":"Participation of women and sex analyses in late-phase clinical trials of new molecular entity drugs and biologics approved by the FDA in 2007-2009","volume":"22","author":"Poon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001918","article-title":"Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: A promise yet to be fulfilled","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv161","article-title":"Gender differences in the effect of cardiovascular drugs: a position document of the Working Group on Pharmacology and Drug Therapy of the ESC","volume":"36","author":"Rosano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-018-9846-5","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in ischemic heart disease: Endocrine vascular disease approach (EVA) study design","volume":"13","author":"Raparelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Transl. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.15.4","article-title":"The Hawaii clopidogrel lawsuit: the possible effect on clinical laboratory testing","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Per Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.12.022","article-title":"Socioeconomic distressed communities index predicts risk-adjusted mortality after cardiac surgery","volume":"107","author":"Charles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.06.104","article-title":"Distressed communities are associated with worse outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"160","author":"Mehaffey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.070","article-title":"Participation of women in clinical trials supporting FDA approval of cardiovascular drugs","volume":"71","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037330","article-title":"Boosting women's participation in cardiovascular trials","volume":"138","author":"Kuehn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.069","article-title":"Participation of women in clinical trials: Not yet time to rest on our laurels","volume":"71","author":"Pilote","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2009.07.022","article-title":"The influence of gender on the doctor-patient interaction","volume":"76","author":"Bertakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2009.07.010","article-title":"The impact of gender dyads on doctor-patient communication: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Sandhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2007.03.020","article-title":"Disentangling physician sex and physician communication style: their effects on patient satisfaction in a virtual medical visit","volume":"68","author":"Schmid Mast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e31824bcebc","article-title":"Older women's prehospital experiences of their first myocardial infarction","volume":"28","author":"Isaksson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000381","article-title":"Preventing and experiencing ischemic heart disease as a woman: State of the Science: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"133","author":"McSweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib29","first-page":"18","article-title":"Women's experiences of cardiac pain: a review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"O'Keefe-McCarthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301706","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders","volume":"104","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib32","article-title":"Does race influence decision making for advanced heart failure therapies?","volume":"8","author":"Breathett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003552","article-title":"National differences in trends for heart failure hospitalizations by sex and race\/ethnicity","volume":"10","author":"Ziaeian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.19.2138","article-title":"Differences in the incidence of congestive heart failure by ethnicity: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"168","author":"Bahrami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201509-624OT","article-title":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop summary: Enhancing opportunities for training and retention of a diverse\u00a0biomedical workforce","volume":"13","author":"Duncan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"}],"container-title":["The Annals of Thoracic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003497520319007?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003497520319007?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T04:08:02Z","timestamp":1757736482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003497520319007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003497520319007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4975"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4975","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Cardiovascular Trials in More Than 230,000 Patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Annals of Thoracic Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.075","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Published by Elsevier","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}